• General State of the Economy
• Energy Resources
• Energy Balance
• Energy Infrastructure
• Education and Innovation
• Ecology and Environment Protection
• References

Source: [1,2,3,4,5]

The US is a presidential republic and the official language is English. The administrative map of the country is divided into 50 states [3].

The United States Capitol. Washington, D.C. Envato Elements. ETKHCBZ3US

The United States is the largest highly developed economy in the world [3], which is reflected in Figure 1. By almost all indices the US places in the top quarter of the graph, among the top 25% countries in the world included in the rating. For almost half the indicators the US occupies the top position.

Since the early 1990s (apart from a slight decline in 2008) the country experienced sustained GDP growth in purchasing power parity both in general and per capita, which in 2023 amounted to $24.662 trillion (2^nd place in the world) [3,4,5]. The country’s GDP at purchasing power parity per capita is lower (14^th place in the world), but has also been demonstrating positive dynamics: from $71,100 in 2021 to $73,600 in 2023 [3]. The level of inflation changed from 1.8% in 2019 to 4.12% in 2023 [3].
The Global Competitiveness Report measures the effectiveness of the country’s use of its own resources for sustainable development. In addition to a number of economic indicators this index also takes into account such variables as education, health, level of innovation, etc.
High-technology exports in 2021 was 20% of manufactured exports. According to the Index of Economic Freedom, which is based on freedom of business, freedom from government intervention, property protection, and freedom from corruption, the country was 25^th in 2024, out of 184 countries considered. USA's public debt as a percentage of GDP was 110.4% in 2022.
The top Global 500 companies include US oil and gas enterprises such as Exxon Mobil, Chevron, Valero Energy, Marathon Petroleum, Schlumberger, ConocoPhilips, and Duke Energy, and the large energy company General Electric. In S & P Global Platts Top 250 ranking of the largest energy companies several dozen US companies are listed, including those already mentioned, as well as NextEra Energy, Inc., Phillips 66, The Southern Co, Dominion Energy, Xcel Energy Inc., and many others.

The U.S. has significant reserves of fossil and unconventional energy resources (Table 1). In terms of oil and gas reserves, the country was 9^th and 5^th in the world, respectively; in terms of coal reserves the country was the absolute leader [6,7].
According to data for 2024, in terms of tons of oil equivalent proved coal reserves were 90.7%, natural gas – 6.2%; and oil – 3.1% (Fig.5). The Matrix of unconventional resources for 2024 looks somewhat different: oil shale (kerogen) represented 95.1%, shale gas – 2.7%, shale (tight) oil – 1.7%, associated gas – 0.4%, coal mine methane utilization potential – 0.1% (Fig.7).
In 2021, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, proven oil reserves in the U.S. were estimated at 44.4 billion barrels [7].

Table 1. Fossil energy resources of the United States of America

* share of the country’s reserves in world total is provided in brackets
**unproved technically recoverable
***in-place resources

Proven natural gas reserves in the U.S. in 2021 according to [3] were 13.4 Tcm. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration they totalled 465 Tcf [7]. The proven reserves of associated and dissolved natural gas in 2017 grew by 38% and were estimated at 99.4 Tcf [8].
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, recoverable coal reserves were estimated at 274,4 billion short tons in 2022 [8]. According to Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), they were estimated at 224 million tons of hard coal in 2022 [10].
According to Advanced Energy Technologies calculations, the methane utilization potential (according to the methodology based on methane emissions from coal mining [11] and its reserves in 2017 [6]), was 2 210-5 564 Bcm. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration [12] ,proven reserves of coalbed methane were estimated at 11.878 Bcf at the end of 2017.
The U.S. has the largest reserves of shale gas, with proven reserves at the end of 2020 of 317,756 Bcf [13]. Unproven technically recoverable reserves of shale gas and shale oil in 2015 were estimated at 622.5 Tcf and 78.2 billion barrels, respectively [14]. The country has the world's largest reserves of kerogen oil (oil shale) – 6 trillion barrels, which are concentrated in the Green River deposit (Utah, Colorado and Wyoming), and make up about 80% of the world’s total reserves [15]. In-place resources of kerogen oil in 2008 were estimated at 3,706,825 million barrels, and reserves of extra heavy oil at 19 million barrels [16].
The United States of America, due to its geographic location, has a variety of renewable sources for energy production. A selection of basic indicators of this type of resource is presented in Table 2

Table 2. Renewable energy resources of the United States of America

* for the majority of the territory of the country
** economically exploitable capability

The level of direct solar irradiation for the majority of the country is between 4.1-5.5 kWh/m²/day [17]. In the southeast of the country and in the states of California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico and Hawaii, this figure can reach maximum values of 6.8 - 8.2 kWh/m²/day [17]. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, the potential of solar energy in these states is more than 600 watt hour/feet²/day [18]. When combined with the high frequency of cloudless days, this region is one of the most promising in the world for the development of all types of solar energy.

UNITED STATES, CITY OF COLORADO SPRINGS MUNICIPAL AP
Latitude: 38.81, Longitude: -104.69

Average daily sky coverage over 10 years of observations, %

CLR - clear, SCT - scattered from 1/8 TO 4/8, BKN - broken from 5/8 TO 7/8, OVC - overcast, OBS - obscured, POB - partial obscuration

Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of solar resources

UNITED STATES, CITY OF COLORADO SPRINGS MUNICIPAL AP
Latitude: 38.81, Longitude: -104.69
Average speed: 4.32 m/s, Operational share: 67%

Average daily wind speed for 10 years of observations, m/s, 10 m above the ground

Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of wind resources  

The distribution of wind resources is as follows: for the majority of the country the wind speed is 5.5-7.7 m/sec; in the north-west and north-east of the country it can reach 8.7-9.7 m/sec; and in the Aleutian and Hawaiian Islands it exceeds 9.7 m/s at 50 metres [19]. According to [20], the total wind energy potential at 80 metres is 10,640,080 MW, with Texas demonstrating the highest potential at 1.3 million MW. According to NREL, onshore wind potential (excluding offshore wind power) in 2012 was estimated at 22,195 TWh [21].
The total hydropower potential of the U.S., according to the World Energy Resources Hydropower report in 2016, was 528 923 GWh/year; only 52% of this is being utilized [22]. Oak Ridge National Laboratory estimated the total hydro potential at 278 TWh [21].
According to data for 2021, 44.4% of the territory of the country is occupied by agricultural land, the area of which has been steadily decreasing during the last half-century [23] There has been a slight decrease in forest area to 33.9% of the country's territory in 2021 [24]. The total potential of bioenergy was estimated at 445 TWh [21]. The geothermal potential of the country in 2008 was 9,057 MW [25].
The level of municipal waste generation in the U.S. in 2012, was 2.58 kg per capita per day, which is higher than in many developed countries, such as Germany – (2.11 kg per capita per day), and France – (1.92 kg per capita per day). By 2025 this figure is projected to grow to 2.3 kg per capita per day [26]. This resource is a valuable raw material for recycling or energy production, the technologies of which have reached a high level of development in the U.S.

In 2023, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, electricity generation totalled 4251.80 TWh, and was dominated by fossil fuels – 58.9%, followed by nuclear power – 18.2%, renewable sources – 17.3%, and hydropower – 5.6% (Fig. 9).
The U.S. position in the comparative diagram of energy index is shown in Figure 4.
 

As previously mentioned, the U.S. possesses exceptionally rich reserves of all types of fossil fuels. In terms of the production and consumption ratio of coal, The U.S. is among the top 25% leading countries; however the production and consumption ratio of oil and gas is below the world average.
In terms of the share of electricity production from renewable energy sources (excluding hydropower), the U.S. was 64^th out of 170 countries.
The U.S. was below the world average in terms of GDP per unit of energy use in 2017 – 40^th out of 66 countries considered, but this indicator per capita is higher – 10^th place in the world.
In terms of electricity consumption per capita, the country is 10^th in the world, however, for the indicator of combined electricity production-consumption the U.S. is 3^rd in the ranked list of 216 countries, after India and China.

A territorial map showing the distribution of the largest infrastructure projects of the fossil-fuel sector in the U.S. is shown in Figure 5.
The proven reserves of coal account for 90.7% of total fossil fuel resources, followed by natural gas (6.2%), and oil (3.1%) (Fig.5). The largest reserves of crude oil and condensate are concentrated in the state of Texas, where they amount to 15.6 billion barrels; production in 2021 was 1,741 million barrels [8]. The top five states in terms of production capacity and oil reserves is rounded off by North Dakota, California, New Mexico and Oklahoma (Figure 5). In 2017, 141 U.S. refineries had a total installed capacity of 18.62 million barrels/day [29] and 17.9 mbd operable capacity in 1Q 2022 [8]. The country's largest refinery, Port Arthur, is located in Texas and has an installed capacity of 603,000 bbl/day; it is operated by TX Motiva Enterprises [30] (Fig. 5). The import of oil and oil products is carried out via 8 key oil terminals, and the largest storage of petroleum products is Bryan Mound (237.4 million barrels). The total installed capacity of oil storage facilities in the country is 713.5 million barrels [31]. Refined products are transported via pipelines with a total length of 240,711 km (Fig. 5).
In addition to its oil reserves, Texas has substantial gas reserves. According to American experts in 2020, Texas fields contained 102.4 Tcf, of which 10.5 Tcf was extracted in that same year [8].

Figure 5. Basic infrastructure facilities of the fossil fuel sector in the United States of America: conventional oil (click on the map to view a PDF version)

Pennsylvania, Oklahoma and Wyoming were also included in the top five states in terms of natural gas reserves and production (Fig. 6).

Panoramic aerial shot of modern complex factory in an industrial area in the daylight. Envato Elements. 8KHYLF54PG

The American gas system is represented by 1,400 gas compressor stations, 500 gas processing plants, and 415 underground gas storage facilities. Gas is transported within the country via a network of pipelines with a total length of 1,984,321 km (Fig. 6).

Figure 6. Basic infrastructure facilities of the fossil fuel sector in the United States of America: conventional natural gas (click on the map to view a PDF version)
 
Gas is imported via 11 LNG terminals, the largest of which is Sabine, LA with a throughput of 4.0 Bcfd [32]. The significant increase in the production of the country’s own shale gas in the last decade has generated new demand for export terminals. Three export terminals, including the Sabine Pass, LA with an installed capacity of 2.8 Buff, ship LNG [32]; 4 more export terminals are under construction (Fig. 6). The leading gas processing plant is the Aux Sable Grundy with an installed capacity of 2,100 Mccfd [33]. The largest number of underground gas storage facilities are located in Pennsylvania, 49 of which have a total capacity of more than 760,000 million cubic feet [34].
The Matrix of unconventional resources is dominated by oil shale (kerogen) - 95.1%; shale gas accounted for 2.7%, shale (tight) oil for 1.7%; associated gas for 0.4%; and coal mine methane utilization potential for 0.1% (Fig.7).
One of the leading oil shale fields is Red Leaf Resources Seep Ridge, in Utah [35]. The U.S. is the undisputed world leader in the development of technologies for the extraction of unconventional and enhanced oil recovery. This was reflected in the rapid development of the production of shale oil, the resuscitation of old fields, the development of oil production in the Arctic, the expansion of heavy and high-viscosity oil production. The country’s largest oilfield - Eagle Ford - is located in Texas which produced 1.17 million barrels/day [36].
The U.S. territory also has a large number of heavy oil fields, the majority of which are located in California.  Aera Energy South Belridge (Tulare) produces around 80,000 barrels per day of oil equivalent [37]. In Utah there are a number of ongoing projects for the extraction of oil sands (Fig. 7). The infrastructure of unconventional oil is represented by several vertical oil shale retorting plants (Fig. 7).
Shale gas accounts for about 2.7% of the potential of the country's unconventional natural resources. The largest shale gas field is Marcellus (123.8 Tcf), with production volume about 7.0 Tcf [8].
Figure 7. Basic infrastructure facilities of the fossil fuel sector in the United States of America: unconventional oil (click on the map to view a PDF version)
 
Potential reserves of coalbed methane are distributed throughout the country, but the main basins are located in the Rocky Mountains in the west, in the Appalachian region, and in the east of the country [38] (Fig. 8). The leading extraction field is in Colorado, whose reserves as of 2017 were 3,257 Bcf, with production at 338 Bcf [8]. It should be noted that the reserves and production of coal mine methane have significantly decreased in recent years. Natural gas hydrate clusters have been discovered in offshore areas (Fig. 8), which may offer a very promising energy resource in the future.
Figure 8. Basic infrastructure facilities of the fossil fuel sector in the United States of America: unconventional gas (click on the map to view a PDF version)
 
The production of synthetic fuels is developing somewhat slowly in the U.S; there are only a few relatively small enterprises of this type. For example, in Oklahoma and Alaska, there are a small number of Gas-to-Liquid plants, for example Ponca City, owned by ConocoPhillips, which has an installed capacity of 300 barrels/day [39]. Oberon Fuels Brawley in California produces around 10,000 gallons of DME daily, using biogas or natural gas as raw materials [40]. The coal gasification infrastructure is represented by several stations, including the Great Plains Synfuels Plant in North Dakota, with a capacity of 16 thousand tons of coal per day [41], and an underground CIRI Stone Horn Ridge Station with an installed capacity of 100 MW [42].
A map of the territorial distribution of the U.S. largest infrastructure facilities for electricity generation is presented in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Electricity production in the United States of America: thermal power plants (click on the map to view a PDF version)

As already noted, the share of coal in the potential of fossil resources is significant. In total there are more than 680 coal mines in the country, with an annual production more than 700 million short tons (Fig.9). Coal mines are mainly concentrated in the eastern and central regions of the country. Wyoming has the richest coal resource base; coal mining in this state in 2021 produced 239 million short tons [43]. The majority of export terminals are located in the south and east of the country; the largest is Lamberts Point, VA with a capacity of 48 million tons [44].
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the share of fossil resources in electricity production in the U.S. in 2022 was 59.4% (Fig. 9). The country has a significant number of stations for the production of electricity from hydrocarbons, including power plants with a capacity of more than 1000 MW: four oil stations, eleven gas, eleven coal and six combined-type stations (Fig. 9). The largest thermal power plants in the U.S. are: FPL's Martin County gas power plant, with a capacity of 3.750 MW [45]; Manatee oil power plant, with an installed capacity of 2.485 MW [46]; Robert W. Scherer coal power plant with an installed capacity of 3.564 MW; and James M. Barry combined power plant with an installed capacity of 2,671 MW [47,48].
Hydropower in the U.S. produces about 5.9% of total electricity generation, and is represented by pumped storage plants, and large and small hydroelectric plants (Fig. 10). The largest pumped storage plant is the Bath County Pumped Storage Station with an installed capacity of 3,003 MW [49]; and the largest hydroelectric power plant is the Grand Coulee Dam with an installed capacity of 6,809 MW [50]. In 2017, there were more than 1,646 small hydropower stations registered in the U.S., the installed capacity of which was 3,612 MW (Fig.10).
The main uranium mines are located in the north-west of the country; the largest is Smith Ranch-Highland which produced around 358 tons in 2016 [51]. The leading nuclear power plant is Palo Verde with an installed capacity of 3,937 MW [52]. There are also significant reserves of raw materials for lithium production, which is currently being used to produce batteries primarily for the electronics and automotive industries. In the Clayton Valley of Nevada at the Silver Peak mine, 3,500 tons of lithium was mined in 2017, with the possibility of expanding its production to 6,000 tons [53].

Figure 10. Electricity production in the United States of America: hydro and nuclear power plants (click on the map to view a PDF version)

In Figure 11, you can see the main facilities of the U.S. for the production of energy from renewable sources.
Renewable energy in the U.S., excluding hydropower, is responsible for only 17.3% of electricity generation (Fig. 10). The total production of electricity from renewable sources in 2022, excluding hydropower, was 737.24 TWh (Fig. 10).

Wind Park. Nevada. USA. Aenert photos

In zones of high wind activity there are around 10 large wind parks, with a capacity of more than 550 MW each. In 2023 a total generating capacity of wind power in the United States was around 141 300 MW [54]. Alta Wind Energy Center in California, also known as Mojave Wind Farm has an installed capacity of 1,547 MW and is largest in the U.S. and third largest in the world [55]. The main producers of wind turbines in the US are GE Energy, Urban Green Energy, REpower USA Corp., Northwind, Suzion and Harvistor LLC (Fig.11).

Figure 11. Renewable energy in the United States of America: marine, solar, wind (click on the map to view a PDF version)
 
Two U.S. companies have implemented notable large-scale wind energy projects in recent years: in December 2017, wind turbine manufacturer Vestas received an order for the construction of wind farms with a total capacity of 190 MW; and in 2018 Gamesa announced the implementation of two wind farm projects with a total capacity of 330 MW [56, 57]. As previously mentioned the level of solar radiation in some areas of the country can reach 8.2kWh/m², which is a vast resource for energy production [19]. As a result there are a number of solar energy facilities installed in these areas, including PV power plants, CPV and CSP power plants (Fig.11). The largest photovoltaic station is Solar Star with a capacity of 747.3 MWp, and the largest CPV station is Alamosa with a capacity of 35.2 MWp [58,59]. About 0.5% of electricity from renewable sources in the U.S. is generated by CSP stations. Among parabolic type CSP stations, the largest is SEGS California Complex with a capacity of 393.8 MW [60]. Solana Generating Station (280 MW) is the largest parabolic type station with thermal storage [61]. The largest tower station is Ivanpah (392 MW), and the largest tower type station with thermal storage is Crescent Dunes (110.0 MW) [62,63].

Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System CSP, 377 MW (USA). Aenert photos

Kimberlina STEP CSP Linear Fresnel type plant has a capacity of 5 MW and Tooele Army Depot CSP Dish-Stirling type plant has a capacity of 1.5 MW [64,65]. The potential of wave energy is estimated at between 20-40 kWh. In some areas, primarily in the Hawaiian Islands, the development of ocean technology is underway. Thus, there are a number of power plants installed in the coastal zones: Hawaii Azura Wave Energy Project Power Plant (40 kW) [66], the RITE Project, NY Verdant Power Tidal Power Plant (1.05 MW) and MOE / NELHA Hawaii OTEC Plant (100 kW) [67,68].
The U.S. is the world's largest producer of electrical and thermal energy from geothermal sources. The current installed capacity of geothermal power in the U.S. is 3,673 MW from 93 power plants of various types [95] (Fig. 12), however, in most cases, the geothermal steam properties allow for the use of dry steam technologies.

 Figure 12. Renewable energy in the United States of America: geothermal and hydrogen (click on the map to view a PDF version)
 
Binary type geothermal power plants, of which the largest is Steamboat Hills with a capacity of 135.8 MW, have developed significantly. Steamboat Hills Single Flash Geothermal Power Plant, with an installed capacity of 14.4 MW, is located in Nevada [69,70]. The Imperial Valley Complex is a powerful enterprise utilizing Double Flash technology, which consists of several stations with a total capacity of 327 MW [71]. In the west of the country and in Hawaii there are geothermal stations of a combined type – the Heber Complex has a total capacity of 217.7 MW [72]. The Geysers Complex Dry Steam Geothermal Plant located in California has an installed capacity of 1,000 MW [73].
The U.S. is actively developing hydrogen power and is an undisputed world leader by such indicators as production volumes of commercial hydrogen, production of electricity from fuel cells, length of hydrogen pipelines, number of hydrogen fuelling stations, and others. As of March 2018, there were more than 50 hydrogen filling stations in operation in the country (Figure 12). There are hydrogen production facilities in the country, the largest of which is Texas City with an installed capacity of 372,856 Nm³/hr, owned by TX Praxair [74] and Hydrogen Fuel Cell plants, including Newark, owned by Delmarva Power, with an installed capacity of 30 megawatts [75]. Hydrogen is transported via pipelines with a total length of 2,320 km (Fig. 12).
Figure 13 shows the main bioenergy facilities of the country for energy production.
Figure 13. Renewable energy in the United States of America: Bioenergy (click on the map to view a PDF version)

Bioenergy is being actively developed in the U.S. In 2023 the installed capacity was 10.93 GW (2.8%) (Fig.13). The country has biomass and municipal waste processing plants, biodiesel, and pellet production, amongst others (Fig. 13).
FL manages the largest biomass power plant - Okeelanta 1-2 - with an installed capacity of 120.0 MW [76]. The main enterprise in the United States in the field of fuel production from biomass is RBF Port Neches Biodiesel Plant with an installed capacity of 180 MW [77].
The U.S. is actively engaged in the production of bioethanol, being the world leader in this energy sector; ADM Cedar Rapids has an installed capacity of 540 Million gallons per year (MGY) [78]. Second-generation bioethanol from cellulose is produced at the DuPont Nevada plant, which has an installed capacity of 30.0 Million gallons per year (MGY) [79]. Hometown BioEnergy, located in La Sueur with a capacity of 8 MW, uses biogas obtained via anaerobic fermentation [80].
Other notable enterprises include: Plainfield Renewable Energy Biomass Gasification Plant that anually burns about 350 000 tons of wood [81]; Enerkem Pontotoc waste gasification plant, with the ability to produce 10 million gallons of ethanol per year [82]; GM Defiance waste gasification by plasma plant, with a capacity of 50 tpd [83]; and Georgia Biomass Waycross with a capacity of 800,000 tons of pellets per year [84].
The leader in generation of electricity from municipal waste, Palm Beach 2, processes about 3,000 tons of waste a day [85]. In the U.S. there is one of the most developed networks of enterprises for the production of electricity from landfill gas. One such enterprise, Fairless Hills, generates about 60 MW of electricity from municipal waste from the production and utilization of landfill gas [86]. The UOP Kapolei Rapid Pyrolysis Demonstration Plant has an installed capacity of 168 g/day [87], and the largest BTL-FT plant, GTI Des Plaines, has a capacity of 5 MWth [88]. Torrefaction plants are located mainly in the south-east of the country, and the largest is Zilkha Biomass Energy Selma, capable of producing 275,000 metric tons per year [89].
Within the framework of the "Energy Domination" program, voiced both during the election campaign  and presidency of President Donald Trump, a number of directions of reform have been identified. First of all, the reforms will affect the coal industry – President Trump promised to remove the legislative obstacles against the production of "clean coal" and revise the moratorium on leasing coal-fired power plants in the federal states. Nevertheless, analysts at Ernst and Young believe that utilities or financial investors switching to inexpensive natural gas will not fundamentally adjust their recent business models in favour of investing in coal production, even in the absence of federal cuts [90]. In the course of his election campaign, Trump also repeatedly stressed that he was going to lift restrictions on the extraction of shale gas and kerogen oil in federal states [91]. Oil companies can now freely access subsoil resources, for example, in Alaska [92]. In March 2017, the president issued a decree revising all existing rules, orders, guidelines that could potentially harm the development or use of energy resources consumed domestically, with special attention to oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear energy resources [91].
Another aspect of energy policy is the increase in the share of oil imports from Canada and Mexico, and the decrease of dependence on Middle Eastern suppliers.
In the field of renewable energy, the turning point was Trump's decision to terminate the participation of the U.S. in the "2015 Paris Agreement" that aims to mitigate the effects of climate change, as it, according to the president, undermines the economy of the U.S. and puts the country in a permanently unfavourable position [93]. However, from his first days in office, President Biden said that the United States would rejoin the Paris Agreement, and it did so on February 19, 2021.  Biden's new climate plan is the most comprehensive the U.S. president has ever adopted [94].

The U.S. is 3^rd out of 133 countries considered in the ranking of countries in the Global Innovation Index 2024 (see diagram). According to the number of patents granted to the U.S. nationals, both domestically and abroad, the country ranks 3^rd in the world, behind Japan and China. However, by the number of valid patents in force, the U.S. ranks first, indicating the country's favourable conditions for innovation.
198 American universities are included in the rating of the world leading universities - “QS University Rating 2024”. It is also worth noting that the country's GDP is high, therefore, in absolute terms the level of government expenditure on education is still considerable. In terms of public expenditure on research and development as a percentage of GDP, the country is 10^th out of 119, behind South Korea and a number of EU countries. The U.S. is very well positioned when considering the number of publications of specialists in scientific and technological journal and patent activities. The country is 1^st out of 240 participating countries in the Scimago ranking, and in Scientific and Technical Journal Activities it is ranked 2^nd out of 197 countries. The country is also among the leaders in the region in terms of the number of Internet users.

Georgetown University. USA. Aenert photos

U.S universities such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, California Institute of Technology, Yale University, Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of California, and Berkeley train specialists in various fields of energy, including Energy Engineering, Environmental Engineering Science, Geological Engineering, and Sustainable Energy, etc.
In the field of synthetic fuel technology, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Chevron USA, Inc., Exxon Research and Engineering Company, General Electric, ConocoPhilips Company, Shell Oil Company actively patent their inventions. Research in this area is carried out by the University of Kentucky National Technological Laboratory (NETL), Princeton University, Texas A & M University, Pasific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL).
In the field of unconventional oil, Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., Shell Oil Company, ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, M-I LLC, the Harris Corporation, Baker Hughes Inc., and ConocoPhilips are leading by number of patents. Studies in this area are conducted by Texas A & M University, US Geological Survey (USGS), Schlumberger Company, Stanford University, and the Colorado School of Mines.
In the sector of associated petroleum gas, the largest number of inventions have been registered by Velocys Inc., ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Siluria Technologies Inc., Velocys Inc., the University of North Dakota, the University of Texas and Austin actively publishes scientific works in this field.
ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., CDX Gas LLC, Baker Hughes Inc. are leading in the number of patents in coalbed methane mining technologies, and studies are conducted by Pennsylvania State University, Texas A & M University, Schlumberger Company, and Halliburton. In the field of hydrocarbon production from low-permeability reservoirs, the absolute leaders in patenting are Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., Baker Hughes Incorporated, Schlumberger Technology Corporation, Rohm and Haas Company, and studies are also conducted by the University of Texas and Austin, Schlumberger Company, Texas A & M University, and the University of Oklahoma.
Chevron USA, Inc., ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, KJT Enterprises, Inc., Halliburton Energy Services, Inc., Schlumberger Technology Corporation patent their developments in the field of gas hydrate production technologies. US Geological Survey (USGS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Texas A & M University conduct research in this field.
Patents in bioenergetic technologies are possessed by Xyleco Inc, Celanese International Corporation, Solyzame, Inc., Heliae Development LLC, UOP LLC. Scientific research in the same field is conducted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the Unversity of California, Iowa State University, and Purdue University.
A large number of companies patent inventions and conduct research in the field of renewable energy technologies. In the field of solar energy - SunPower Corporation, 3M Innovative Properties Company, Boeing Company, PPG Industries Ohio, Inc. are leading by number of inventions. Most publications come from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Sandia National Laboratories, the University of California, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The inventions in the field of wind energy are patented by General Electric, Frontier Wind, LLC., Clipper Windpower LLC, Modular Wind Energy Inc. and conducted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the University of Massachusetts, Texas A & M University, and Sandia National Laboratories.

The U.S. ranked  28^th in the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022, which includes the 64 countries responsible for more than 90% of global energy-related CO₂ emissions; the U.S. is considered as a "medium" performer, having significantly improved its position over the past three years.
In terms of forest area as a percentage of the country, the U.S. in 2020 was 106^th out of 234; however, the trend associated with its change from 2010-2020 looks very positive; by this metric the country is 7^th in the world, behind China, Australia and Chile.
In the Environmental Performance Index rankings (EPI), which focuses primarily on assessing the environmental performance of national governments, the country was 24^th out of 180 countries in 2020.

New York City Skyline during a cloudy sunset. Envato Elements. C3EVR46SLD

The overall negative picture is aggravated by the Ecological Footprint Atlas rating, according to which the U.S. is among a number of major ecological debtors.

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[9] How much coal is in the United States? / Coal / Energy Explained / U.S. Energy Information Administration (November 15, 2018 ) / https://www.eia.gov/ 
[10] BGR (2023) : Energiestusdie 2023. Daten und Entwicklungen der deutschen und globalen Energieversorgung (25)(PDF) / Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) / http://www.bgr.bund.de/
[11] 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2, Energy, Fugitive Emissions (PDF) / The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) / www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp
[12] Coalbed Methane / Data / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Jan. 13, 2022) / https://www.eia.gov/
[13] Shale Gas / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Jan. 13, 2022)/ https://www.eia.gov/
[14] World Shale Resource Assessments / Analysis / U.S. Energy Information Administration (September 24, 2015) / https://www.eia.gov/
[15] 2016 Survey of Energy Resources (PDF) / 2016 / Uploads / World Energy Council / https://www.worldenergy.org/
[16] 2010 Survey of Energy Resources (PDF) / 2010 / Uploads / World Energy Council / https://www.worldenergy.org/
[17] Solar resource data obtained from the Global Solar Atlas, owned by the World Bank Group and provided by Solargis / Global Solar Athlas / http://globalsolaratlas.info/
[18] Solar Energy Potential / Maps / U.S. Department of Energy / https://www.energy.gov/
[19] Wind Map / Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: https://globalwindatlas.info
[20] U.S. Potential Wind Capacity in Megawatts at 80 M / U.S. Department of Energy / https://windexchange.energy.gov/
[21] Estimating Renewable Energy Economic Potential in the United States (PDF) / NREL / https://www.nrel.gov/
[22] Hydro (PDF) / World Energy Council / https://www.worldenergy.org/
[23] Agricultural land (% of land area) / Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org
[24] Forest area (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[25] 2016 Annual U.S. & Global Geothermal Power Production Report (PDF) / Geothermal Energy Association / http://geo-energy.org/
[26] What a Waste 2012 / Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org
[27] International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Jan. 13, 2022) /https://www.eia.gov/
[28] COUNTRY COMPARISON :: REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS - IMPORTS / The world factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / https://www.cia.gov/
[29] AFPM United States Refining and Storage Capacity report (PDF) / American Fuel & Petrochemical Manufacturers (AFPM) / https://www.afpm.org/
[30] Top 10 U.S. refineries* operable capacity / Energy Explained / U.S. Energy Information Administration (September 28, 2018) / https://www.eia.gov/
[31] SPR Quick Facts and FAQs / Strategic Petroleum Reserve / U.S. Department of Energy / https://www.energy.gov/
[32] North American LNG Import – Existing – As of January 24, 2018 (PDF) / Export Terminals / Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) / https://www.ferc.gov/
[33] Our Business / Aux Sable / http://www.auxsable.com/
[34] Table 14: Underground natural gas storage capacity by state (PDF) / U.S. Energy Information Administration (December 31, 2016) / http://www.eia.gov/
[35] Red Leaf Resources / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Leaf_Resources
[36] U.S. Tight Oil Production 2017 / All about Shale / http://www.allaboutshale.com/
[37] Belridge Producing Complex / Aera / https://www.aeraenergy.com/
[38] Coal Mine Methane (CMM) Recovery Opportunities Map / United States Environmental Protection Agency / https://www.epa.gov/
[39] GAS -to liquid (GTL): is it an attractive route for gas monetization? Part III / Egypt Oil and Gas / http://egyptoil-gas.com/
[40] Three Options for Output, Feedstock, and Footprint / Oberon Fules / http://oberonfuels.com/
[41] Dakota Gasification Company / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Gasification_Company
[42] Underground Coal Gasification: Test drilling confirms large commercial coal resource / CIRI / http://www.ciri.com/
[43] Wyoming State Geological Survey / https://www.wsgs.wyo.gov/
[44] Lamberts Point Coal Terminal, Norfolk, VA / Norfolk Southern / http://www.nscorp.com/content/nscorp/en.html
[45] Florida Power & Light / Wikipedia / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Power_&_Light#Gas_plants
[46] Manatee Oil Power Plant / Industry About / https://www.industryabout.com/
[47] Scherer Steam Generating Station / Source Watch / http://www.sourcewatch.org/
[48] James M. Barry Electric Generating Plant / Wikipedia / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Barry_Electric_Generating_Plant
[49] Bath County Pumped Storage Station / DOE Global Energy Storage Database / http://www.energystorageexchange.org/
[50] Projects & Facilities / U.S. Department of the Interior | Bureau of Reclamation / http://www.usbr.gov/
[51] US Uranium Mining and Exploration / World Nuclear Association / http://www.world-nuclear.org/
[52] 5 Largest Nuclear Power Plants in America / Maxx Chatsko / Jan 15, 2014 / The Motley Fool / http://www.fool.com/
[53] Nevada's Silver Peak Lithium Mine Prepares To Ramp Up Production / Wednesday, February 1st 2017, 4:28 PM PST by Paul Nelson / 2News / http://www.ktvn.com/
[54] Wind power in the United States / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States
[55] Alta Wind Energy Center / Wikipedia / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Wind_Energy_Center
[56] Vestas’ receives 190 MW order in the U.S. and passes 10.5 GW in global order intake for 2017 / 30 Dec 2017 / Vestas / https://www.vestas.com/
[57] Siemens Gamesa awarded two wind turbine projects totaling 330 MW of G132-3.465 MW turbines in the U.S./ Siemens Gamsea / http://www.siemensgamesa.com/
[58] Solar Star / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Star
[59] United States / CPV Consortium / http://cpvconsortium.org/
[60] SEGS California Complex CSP Parabolic type plant / National Renewable Energy Laboratory: CSP Projects / https://www.nrel.gov/
[61] Solana Generating Station / National Renewable Energy Laboratory: CSP Projects / https://www.nrel.gov/
[62] Ivanpah Solar Power Facility / National Renewable Energy Laboratory: CSP Projects / https://www.nrel.gov/
[63] Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project / National Renewable Energy Laboratory: CSP Projects / https://www.nrel.gov/
[64] Kimberlina Solar Thermal Energy Plant / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberlina_Solar_Thermal_Energy_Plant
[65] Infinia begins commissioning 1.5 MW dish Stirling solar Concentrating Solar Power plant in Utah / 15-06-2013 / Helios CSP / http://helioscsp.com/
[66] Ocean Energy The Ocean is a Vast, Largely Untapped Energy Resource / Hawaiian Electric / https://www.hawaiianelectric.com/
[67] Current and future tidal power schemes / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_power#Current_and_future_tidal_power_schemes
[68] Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) / Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) / http://nelha.hawaii.gov/
[69] Steamboat Complex (63.8 MW) / Richard Burdett (27 MW) / Galena II-III (45 MW) / OpenEI / https://openei.org
[70] Nevada Geothermal Power Plants / Geothermal Energy Association / http://www.geo-energy.org/
[71] Imperial Valley / BHE Renewables / https://www.bherenewables.com/
[72] California Geothermal Power Plants (PDF) / Geothermal Energy Association / http://www.geo-energy.org/
[73] Calpine: Americas’s largest geothermal energy producer / U.S. Department of Energy / http://energy.gov/
[74] Merchant Hydrogen Plant Capacities in North America / HYARC / Hydrogen Tools / https://www.h2tools.org/
[75] The Business case for Fuel Cells: Delivering Sustainable Value (PDF) / Thomas G.Benjamin Argonne National Laboratory; Jennifer Gangi, Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association; Sandra Curtin, Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association / U.S. Department of Energy / http://energy.gov/
[76] U.S. Biomass Power Facilities (PDF) / Biomass Power Association / http://usabiomass.org/
[77] Biodiesel / Biodiesel Magazine / http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/
[78] Biorefinery Locations / Renewable Fuels Association / http://www.ethanolrfa.org/
[79] U.S. Ethanol Plants / Ethanol Producer Magazine / http://www.ethanolproducer.com/
[80] Le Sueur (PDF) / American Biogas Council / https://americanbiogascouncil.org/
[81] Plainfield / Greenleaf Power / http://www.greenleaf-power.com/
[82] Gasification of Non-Recycled Plastics From Municipal Solid Waste In the United States / August 13, 2013. / Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc.. / American Chemistry Council, Inc. (PDF) / https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/
[83] Alter NRG Plasma Gasification: The Next Generation of Waste-To-Energy Solutions (PDF) / Pronto Marketing / https://d2oc0ihd6a5bt.cloudfront.net/
[84] Large Industrial Users of Energy Biomass, September 2013 (PDF)/ Year 2013 / Publications / IEA Bioenergy Task 40 / http://bioenergytrade.org/
[85] Energy Recovery Council: 2016 Directory of Waste-to-energy Facilities (PDF) / Energy Recovery Council / http://energyrecoverycouncil.org/
[86] Burning landfill gas has environmental and economic benefits / Power / http://www.powermag.com/
[87] DOE Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) 2015 Project Peer Review (PDF) / U.S. Department of Energy / https://www.energy.gov/
[88] Projects / IEA Bioenergy Task 39: Commercializing Liquid Biofuels from Biomass / http://demoplants.bioenergy2020.eu/
[89] Thermogen switches technology to Zilkha / Anna Simet / March 12, 2014 / Biomass Magazine / http://biomassmagazine.com/
[90] US energy policy in the Trump Administration and 115th Congress (PDF) / January 2017 / EY / http://www.ey.com/
[91] The Trump Energy Plan: A Sea Change in U.S. Energy Policy / David Blackmon / November 14, 2017 / Shale Magazine / https://shalemag.com/
[92] The Trump Administration Keeps Trying to Sell Federal Land for Oil Drilling. But Nobody Wants It / TIME / http://time.com/
[93] United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Paris_Agreement
[94] Paris Climate Agreement: Everything You Need to Know / February 19, 2021 / NRDC / https://www.nrdc.org/
[95] 2021 U.S. Geothermal Power Production and District Heating Market Report (PDF) / July 2021 / NREL / https://www.nrel.gov/

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