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Energy industry in Cuba
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General State of the Economy

Cuba, the official name – the Republic of Cuba, with its capital in Havana, is located on an archipelago that forms part of the Greater Antilles in the north of the Caribbean Sea. In terms of the size of the territory, Cuba is 104th in the world and is the largest country among the island states of the Caribbean [1]. In terms of population density, the country is ahead of most of the countries in the region, including Mexico, Brazil and Colombia and is 116th in the world, with an average density of 102 people per 1 km2 [2].
 

Republic of Cuba/República de Cuba 
Capital: Havana Density: 102/km2Currency: Cuban peso (CUP)
Official languages:  SpanishLife expectancy at birth: 73.68 yearsGDP (PPP): $254.865 billion (2015 est.)
National Day: 1 JanuaryArea: 109,884 km2GDP - per capita (PPP): $22,237 (2015 est.)
Population: 11,194,449 (2023 est.)Coastline: 5,746 kmInternet country code: .cu

Source: [1,2,3,4,5]

The total length of the country's coastline is 3 735 km [3]. According to 2023 statistics, the country is home to around 11 million people [3]. The administrative map of Cuba is divided into 15 provinces, the official language is Spanish, the political form of government is a socialist republic of parliamentary type [3].

The Capitol (El Capitolio) building - Havana, Cuba. Envato Elements. C2SQVFLXUA

The economy of Cuba is mainly orientated towards export of agricultural products. The tourism sector also plays an important role in shaping GDP and attracting foreign investment. However, the U.S. and, as a consequence, the inability to access important markets in the region, has a very negative impact on the country's economic performance. So for the majority of the selected ratings, Cuba is either not represented or is at the bottom of the diagram (Fig. 1).

 Sources:
1. GDP (purchasing power parity), 2020 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228
2. GDP - per capita (PPP), 2020 / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *229
3. Inflation rate (consumer prices), 2019 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228
4. Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$), 2020 / International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, and data files. / License: CC BY-4.0 *88
5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum *141
6. High-technology exports (current US$) 2019-2020 / United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform / License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *134
7. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom / International Economies / The Heritage Foundation *178
8. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold, 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *195
9. Annual average GDP growth in %, for the last 10 years (2011-2020) / World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files / License: CC BY-4.0  *206
10. Public debt (% of GDP), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency
(from smallest to largest) *210
  * Total number of countries participating in ranking


Figure 1. Economic Indices of Cuba


Nevertheless, for such indices as the level of GDP and reserves of foreign exchange and gold (72nd place in the world), Cuba's indicators are higher than the world average, or close to them.
Between 1995 and 2014, the country experienced steady growth in GDP at purchasing power parity [4]. In 2017, this indicator was at the level of $ 137 billion (87th in the world) [3]. GDP at purchasing power parity per capita is significantly lower (122th in 2016), which has also been demonstrating positive dynamics: from $12 100 in 2014 and $12 300 in 2016 [5,3].
The inflation level in the country was 5.5% in 2017, which is somewhat higher, compared with 4.5% in 2016 [3]. High-technology exports in 2021 was 11% of manufactured exports.
According to the Index of Economic Freedom, which is based on freedom of business, freedom from government action, property protection, and freedom from corruption, Cuba was 175th in 2024, out of the 184 countries considered.

Energy resources

Cuba does not have significant reserves of fossil resources (Table 1), and mainly relies on imports to meet domestic energy demand. Nevertheless, Cuban offshore oil and gas fields are very promising. However, their development is complicated by US embargoes, low oil prices, and technical difficulties associated with extraction from these fields [5].

Table 1. Fossil energy resources of Cuba

Resource /ExplanationsCrude oilNatural gasCoalShale GasTight OilCoal mine methaneExtra Heavy Oil
Value1242.5no datano datano datano datano data
Unitmillion barrelsTcf-----
Year20212021-----
Source[14][14]-----


In terms of tons of oil equivalent, in 2024 proved reserves of conventional hydrocarbons in Cuba were: gas - 79%, oil - 21% (Fig.5).
Proved oil reserves in Cuba, according to [14], as of 2021, were estimated at 124 million barrels, and the proven reserves of natural gas were estimated at 2.5 Tcf in 2021.
Moreover, the proven reserves of oil and natural gas have declined significantly since the beginning of this century.
Cuba has high potential for the development of clean energy production. A selection of basic indicators of this type of resource is presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Renewable energy resources of Cuba

Resource/
Explanations
Solar Potential
(DNI)*
Wind Potential
(50 м)*
Hydro energy
Potential**
Bio Potential
(agricultural area)
Bio Potential
(forest area)
Municipal Solid
Waste
Value4.9-5.75.0-6.0761.731.20.67
UnitkWh/m2/daym/sGWh/year% of land area% of land areakg/per capita/day
Year202020202009202120212016
Source[7][8][11][9][10][13]

* for the majority of the territory of the country
** gross theoretical capability


The level of global horizontal irradiation throughout the country has a value of 4.9-5.7 kWh/m²/day [7]. The maximum level of solar radiation of 5.7-7.0 kWh/m²/day can be observed in the south, along the Caribbean Sea, as well as in the southeastern part of the country and in the province of Guantanamo. The distribution of wind resources is as follows: for the majority of the country the wind speed is 5.0-6.0 m/sec [8]. The peak of wind activity is observed in the southeastern part of the country and in the province of Guantanamo and the coast of the Caribbean Sea, where the wind speed can exceed 7.0 m/sec (at a height of 90 m) [8]. About 61.7% of Cuba is covered by agricultural land, and 31.2% is forested [9,10].
Cuba does not have a dense river network. Gross theoretical hydropower potential of the country is 7 GWh/year [11]. Potential for the use of ocean energy and sea wave energy in the south of the country can reach 15 kW/m [12].

CUBA, JAIME GONZALEZ
Latitude: 22.15, Longitude: -80.41


Average daily sky coverage over 10 years of observations, %

CLR - clear, SCT - scattered from 1/8 TO 4/8, BKN - broken from 5/8 TO 7/8, OVC - overcast, OBS - obscured, POB - partial obscuration

Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information:
 Interactive map of solar resources

CUBA, JAIME GONZALEZ
Latitude: 22.15, Longitude: -80.41
Average speed: 3.57 m/s, Operational share: 66%

Average daily wind speed for 10 years of observations, m/s, 10 m above the ground

Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of wind resources  


This energy review of Cuba would not be complete without mentioning municipal waste (0.67 kg per capita per day), which on the one hand are valuable raw materials for secondary use or energy production, and on the other hand, long-term decomposing substances that substantially pollute the natural environment [13].

Energy Balance

The volume of oil production between 2003 and 2014 remained fairly stable between 50-60 thousand barrels/day, falling to 35 thousand barrels/day in 2022 [14]. At the same time, consumption in 2022 was at the level of 165 thousand barrels/day compared to 189 thousand barrels/day in 2010 (Fig. 2).
In the Cuban Statistical Report (Anuario Estadistico de Cuba 2021), crude oil production in 2020 was estimated at 2 320 thousand tons, and production of petroleum products was at the level of 2 052 thousand tons. In 2023, the total petroleum production amounted to 34,000 bbl/day and refined petroleum consumption was 165,000 bbl/day in 2022 [3].
At the same time, oil and oil products consumption in 2020 was 6 496.9 thousand tons [15].
Oil imports in 2015 according to [3] amounted to 112 400 barrels/day. Venezuela is the main exporter of oil to Cuba, and according to [6] in the first half of 2016, PDVSA supplied about 53 500 barrels / day - 40% less than in 2015.
The report [15] shows the following data: crude oil imports in 2020 amounted to 1 793.4 thousand tons, imports of petroleum products – 3 084.2 thousand tons.
Production of natural gas grew annually, reaching 1 244,5 million m3 in 2015, but then showed a negative trend reaching a level of 970,1 million m3 in 2018, and falling even to 651,9 million m3 in 2021  [15].

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / https://www.eia.gov

Figure 2. The production and consumption of fossil fuels in Cuba (coal – left, gas – in the center, oil – right)

Consumption corresponded to production up until 2010, when consumption decreased, and in 2021 amounted to 688.5 million m3 [15]. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, both gas production and consumption in Cuba in 2022 was 23 Bcf [14]. According to [3], in 2022, natural gas production will be 659.434 million cubic meters, which corresponds to the consumption level.
Coal consumption in Cuba has twice shown a sharp decline, in 2007 and in 2014, and in 2022 amounted to 1.1 million short tons. In 2016 the country practically stopped producing it [6] and the imports of this resource amounted to 2.7 thousand tons in 2022 [14].
Historically, Cuba has a high share of fossil fuels in electricity production (Fig. 3).
In 2022 Cuba produced about 18.25 TWh of electricity, of which 95.4% was by fossil fuels, 0.6%, by hydro power, 4.0% by other renewable sources (Fig.6).

                                      
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / https://www.eia.gov
 
 Figure 3. Electricity production in Cuba 

Cuba’s position in the comparative diagram of energy index is shown in Figure 4. Indices based on oil and gas reserves are at the bottom of the chart. However, in terms of production-consumption of natural gas ratio, the country demonstrates results higher than the world average.

 Sources:
1. Crude oil proved reserves, 2021 / International Energy Statistic/Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021)*98
2. Natural gas proved reserves 2021 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *99
3. Total recoverable coal reserves 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *81
4. Combination production-consumption for Crude oil 2018 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *219
5. Combination production-consumption for Natural gas 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *123
6. Combination production-consumption for Coal 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *128
7. Electricity – from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *170
8. GDP per unit of energy use (PPP per unit of oil equivalent), 2020 *66
Primary energy consumption - BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021/BP;
GDP (purchasing power parity) - The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency
9. Energy use (primary energy use of oil equivalent per capita) 2020  *127
Primary energy consumption – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021
*66
10. The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report (EAPI) 2017 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum
11. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita), 2016 *217
Electricity Consumption - The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021

12. Combination of electricity production-consumption (kWh)/The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *216

* Total number of countries participating in ranking

Figure 4. Energy indices of Cuba


In the list of countries for the production of electricity from renewable sources (excluding hydropower), Cuba was 84th out of 170 countries selected for consideration.
In terms of electricity consumption per capita, the country is 129th in the world, however, for the indicator of combination of electricity production-consumption, Cuba is 62nd in the ranked list of 216 countires.

Energy Infrastructure

A territorial map of the distribution of the largest infrastructure projects of the fossil-fuel sector in Cuba is shown in Figure 5. As mentioned previously, gas reserves account for 79% and oil reserves account for 21% of the energy potential of fossil resources. The main oil and gas fields are concentrated in the north of the country (Fig.5).
The largest oil field in Cuba is Varadero, located 125 km from Havana. According to the experts from Cupet, this field has a potential of 11.3 billion barrels [16]. The oil pipeline 230 km long connects the fields with the refineries close to Havana. The total length of the gas pipeline is 41 km [3].
Cupet operates four oil refineries with a total installed capacity of over 120 000 barrels/day (Fig. 5), the largest of which is Cienfuegos Oil Refinery (65 000 barrels/day) [17]. The most important oil storage facility, Matanzas, is located in the north, in close proximity to the fields and has a capacity of 1.8 million barrels [18].
Map of fossil fuel infrastructure in Cuba
Figure 5. Basic infrastructure facilities of the fossil fuel sector in Cuba
(click on the map to view a PDF version)

The main oil terminals are located in the area of the capital and Cienfuegos.
The map of the territorial distribution of the largest infrastructure objects of electricity production is shown in Fig. 6. According to [14], the total installed capacity of the Cuban energy complex in 2022 was about 7.7 GW.
The share of fossil fuels in electricity production in the country prevails, and in 2022 amounted to about 95.4%, with about 0.6% of hydropower, 4.0% of other renewable energy sources (Fig. 6).

Map of power plants in Cuba
Figure 6. Electricity production in Cuba (click on the map to view a PDF version)

In the first case, electricity is produced mainly from hydrocarbon raw materials. There are 8 large oil power plants with a capacity of more than 100 MW, 2 large gas power plants with a capacity of more than 100 MW (Fig. 6).
The leading oil power plant is 10 de Octubre, with a capacity of 503 MW, and the largest gas plant is Boca de Jaruco, with a capacity of 238 MW [19,20]. In 2022, around 120 GWh of electricity was generated by means of hydropower, the total installed capacity of hydropower in the county amounted to 70 MW in 2023 [14]. The largest hydropower plant is Hanabanilla Hydro power plant, with a capacity of 43 MW [21]. In Figure 7, you can see the main facilities of the Cuban infrastructure for the production of energy from renewable sources.
As noted above, renewable energy in Cuba, excluding hydropower, does not have a decisive influence on electricity generation. Thus, the total electricity production from renewable sources in 2022, excluding hydropower, was 0.67 TWh (see sources in Fig. 7).

Map of Renewable energy infrastructure in Cuba
Figure 7. Renewable energy in Cuba (click on the map to view a PDF version)

In the field of electricity generation in 2022, the leader was bioenergy – 49.7%, solar energy – 26.6%, hydropower was 15.6%, wind energy – 8.1% (see sources in Fig. 7).
Bioenergy is actively developing in Cuba, mainly because of the abundance of sugar plantations. 16 million tons of cane were produced by 57 sugar processing enterprises (see sources in Fig. 7). Arzuba owns the largest enterprises of this type – Uruguay Sugar Refining Mill, with an installed capacity of 13 800 tons/day [22]. Cuban bio-engineers successfully apply modern technologies for the production of biodiesel at Guantanamo biodiesel plant that produces about 100 tons of fuel annually [23].
The maximum level of solar radiation can reach 6.0 kWh/m2 per day, and the level of wind activity is 7.0 m/s, which is the richest resource for energy production [7,8]. Due to this, there are about 9 164 photovoltaic systems in Cuba that provide energy for schools and hospitals. However, the high cost of installing photovoltaic panels at the initial stage hinders the development of this type of power in Cuba (Fig. 7). The largest solar power plant is Cantarrana with an installed capacity of 2.6 MW, and the largest Wind Farm is Gibara, with a capacity of 9.6 MW [24,25].
One of the main aims of the energy program until 2030 is to increase the share of renewable energy to 24%, at the moment it does not exceed 4.3%. To achieve this goal, the country will need an investment of about $ 600 million. To this end the Raul Castro government has opened this energy sector for foreign capital [26]. Within the framework of this program, construction of seven wind parks with a total capacity of 750 MW, together with the Spanish company Gamesa, as well as equipping residential buildings and municipal facilities with 133 000 solar water heaters is envisaged [27].

Education and Innovation

The set of indices reflecting the position of Cuba among other countries in the field of education and innovation can be seen in Figure 8. Figure 8 presents indices that are not directly related to the energy sector, but largely predetermine its future, both in Cuba and throughout the world.
 
 Sources:
1. The Global Innovation Index 2021, Rankings / Knowledge / World Intellectual Property Organization / Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2021):
Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva *132
2. Patent Grants 2011-2020, resident & abroad / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *185
3.Patents in Force 2020 / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *109
4. QS World University Rankings 2022 *97
5. SCImago Country Rankings (1996-2020) / Country rankings / SCImago, (n.d.). SIR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. Retrieved 17 Nov 2021 *240
6. Internet users in 2018 / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229
7. Internet users in 2018 (% Population) / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229
8. Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), 2019 / United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.
License: CCBY-4.0 / Data as of September 2021*177
9. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 / UNESCO Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *119
10. Scientific and technical journal articles, 2018 / National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *197
  * Total number of countries participating in ranking


Figure 8. The indices of education and innovation in Cuba
 

According to the number of patents granted to Сuban residents, both inside the country and abroad, the country ranks 74th in the world. Similarly, by the number of patents in force, the country 80th in the world, which largely characterizes the country's patent attractiveness.
Three Cuban universities are included in the QS University Rating. The country occupies 62nd place in the world in terms of government expenditure on research and development.
However, Cuba is well positioned when considering the number of publications of specialists in scientific and technological journals. It is also regarded highly by the Scimago Journal and Country Rank where Cuba is 67th out of 240 countries considered. A large number of universities conduct research in the field of bioenergy, such as Universidad Central de Las Villas and Instituto Superior Politecnico “Jose Antonio Echeverria” (CUJAE).

Ecology and Environment Protection

A diagram of environmental indices is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9 shows the indices that have an indirect effect on the energy sector, but in many respects predetermine its future. First of all, the country demonstrates a relatively high level of CO2 emissions in general, however, per capita this level is much smaller.

 
 Sources:
1. CO2 total emission by countries 2020 / European Commission / Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)*208
2. CO2 per capita emission 2020/European Commission/Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) *208
3. Forest area 2020 (% of land area) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234
4. Forest area change 2010-2020 (1000 ha/year) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234
5. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 / Rankings / Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Yale University *180
6. Annual freshwater withdrawals (m3 per capita), 2017 *179
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion m3), 2017 – Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data. /License: CC BY-4.0; 
Population – United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019).
World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021
7. The National Footprint Accounts 2017 (Biocapacity Credit / Deficit) / Global Footprint Network *188
8. Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), 2018 / Data for up to 1990 are sourced from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Data from 1990 are CAIT data: Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Available at: License : Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)  *191
9. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022 / Overall Results / Jan Burck, Thea Uhlich, Christoph Bals, Niklas Höhne, Leonardo Nascimento /
Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network *60

  * Total number of countries participating in ranking

Figure 9. Environmental Indices of Cuba
 

According to forest area as a percentage of land area, Cuba is not among the world leaders, however, the trend associated with its change looks very positive. In this rating, the country is at 14th place out of 234 countries surveyed, conceding only Chile in the region, which indicates the rational use of this resource.
Cuba also has a relatively high valuation of the Environmental Performance Index rankings (EPI), which focuses primarily on assessing the environmental performance of national governments. In this rating in 2020 Cuba is 64th out of 180 countries and demonstrates a positive trend.
According to the Environmental Vulnerability Index, which is based on years of observations and 50 indicators, which include for example, changing climatic characteristics or the quality of water resources, waste volumes, oil spills and other hazardous substances, etc. Cuba is 157th, and is characterized as "highly vulnerable". Cuba also belongs to a group of countries with very high levels of methane emissions. According to the Ecological Footprint Atlas rating, Cuba is among the environmental debtors.

References

[1] List of sovereign states and dependencies by area / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area
[2] List of countries and dependencies by population density / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density
[3] Cuba / The world factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / https://www.cia.gov/
[4] GDP, PPP (constant 2011 international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[5] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)/ World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[6] Cuba / U.S. Energy Information Administration (July 2016) / http://www.eia.gov/
[7] Solar resource data obtained from the Global Solar Atlas, owned by the World Bank Group and provided by Solargis / Global Solar Athlas / http://globalsolaratlas.info/
[8] Wind Map / Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: https://globalwindatlas.info
[9] Agricultural land (% of land area) / Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org
[10] Forest area (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[11] 2013 Survey of Energy Resources (PDF) / World Energy Council / www.worldenergy.org/
[12] Wave power / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power
[13] What a Waste 2.0 (PDF)  / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[14] International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration  /http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/
[15] Anuario Estadistico de Cuba 2021 (Statistical Yearbook of Cuba) / Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Cuba / http://www.one.cu/
[16] The Cuban industry / Bob Tippee / Dec 7th, 2015 / Oil & Gas Journal / http://www.ogj.com/
[17] Cuba seeks more tests of deepwater potential Bob Tippee / Dec 7th, 2015 / Oil & Gas Journal / http://www.ogj.com/
[18] Crude oil storage facility going up in Matanzas / Cuba Headlines / Aug 8th, 2010 / http://www.cubaheadlines.com/
[19] Capítulo I. El sector energético en Cuba (2008) / Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Cuba / http://www.one.cu/
[20] Republic of Cuba Power Sector Infrastructure Assessment, 2010 / University of Miami: Cuba Transition Project / http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/
[21] “Hydroenergia a Pequena Escala: Soluciones Locales al Cambio Climatico y propuestas para el Dessarrollo Sostenible” Panel 6: Micro-centrales hidrolelectircas, Soluciones fuera de red en zonas aisladas. Casa Cubo (PDF) / Octobre 2013 / UNIDO: Observatory for renewable energy in Latin America and the Caribbean / http://www.renenergyobservatory.org/
[22] Azcuba – Uruguay Sugar Refining Mill / Industry About / http://www.industryabout.com/
[23] Biodiesel plant using jatropha oil feedstock opens in Cuba / Ron Kotrba | July 16, 2012 / Biodiesel Magazine / http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/
[24] Cuba and Panama inaugurate new photovoltaic plants / SEMI S.A. / http://www.semi.es/
[25] Gibara Wind Farm Provides Energy to Some 10,000 Homes / AHORA / www.ahora.cu
[26] Cuba planea que el 24% de su energía en 2030 provenga de fuentes renovables / El Periodico de la energia / http://elperiodicodelaenergia.com/
[27] Cuba construirá siete parques eólicos por un total de 750 MW con la participación de Gamesa / El Periodico de la energia / http://elperiodicodelaenergia.com/

The sources of charts and curves are specified under the images. 

For more information about the energy industry in Cuba see here