• General State of the Economy
• Energy Resources
• Energy Balance
• Energy Infrastructure
• Education and Innovation
• Ecology and Environment Protection
• References

Source: [1,2,3.4.5]

Services and industrial production account for almost two-thirds of GDP in India and around one-third of the labour force and are the main drivers of the country's economic growth. The agricultural sector provides jobs for one third of the able-bodied population and plays an important role in the economic employment of the country’s inhabitants. For a number of indicators, India is among the ten strongest economies in the world, which is reflected in the diagram presented – Figure 1. For five out of ten indices, India places in the top 25% of the leading countries in the world included in the rating. However, for such indicators as GDP per capita, inflation and the index of economic freedom, the country lags far behind the world average.
Since the early 1990s the country has experienced sustained GDP growth at purchasing power parity, both in general and per capita [4,5]. However, GDP at purchasing power parity has decreased slightly over three years for which the most recent data exist from $8.88 trillion in 2018 to $8.44 trillion (3^rd in the world) in 2020 [3]. GDP at purchasing power parity per capita is significantly lower (163^rd in 2020). The dynamics of this indicator is as follows: from $6 500 in 2018 to $6 100 in 2020 [3]. The inflation rate changed from 3.3% in 2017 to 3.7% in 2019. According to this indicator, the country is 159^th in the world out of 227 countries surveyed, ranked from low to high; this indicator is how, however, necessarily a true reflection on the state of a nation’s economy [3].
According to The Global Competitiveness Report 2019, presented by the World Economic Forum, India placed 68^th out of a total of 141 countries considered, behind Japan and Taiwan. This rating measures the effectiveness of the use of the country’s own resources for sustainable development. In addition to a number of economic indicators this index also takes into account such variables as education, health, level of innovation, etc. Over the last year the country has lost 1 position in the rating.
In terms of high-technology exports India ranked 22^nd in the year 2019-2020, behind Japan and South Korea, but ahead of other emerging economies such as the Russian Federation and Brazil. According to the Index of Economic Freedom in 2021, which takes into account business freedom, freedom from government intervention, protection of property, and freedom from corruption, India was 121^st out of 178 countries: a low result. In terms of reserves of foreign exchange and gold at the end of 2017, India was 8^th, behind such BRIC countries as China and Russia. According to average GDP growth in percentage over the last 10 years (2011-2020), in 2020 the country was 26^th out of 206 countries. In terms of public debt, calculated as a percentage of the country's GDP, India was ranked 48^th out of 210 countries considered in 2017.

According to the Statistical Review of World Energy 2021, primary energy consumption in India in 2020 amounted to 31.98 Exajoules and was dominated by coal –  54.8% , followed by oil – 28.2%, gas – 6.7%, renewables – 4.5% and nuclear power – 1.3% [6].
Using data from [3,6] we calculated an estimated value of GDP per unit of energy use in India in 2017 at $12,5 taking into account the PPP in 2011 (the equivalent of energy contained in one kg of oil), which is higher than regional energy efficiency of GDP. Estimated value of GDP per unit of energy use in Japan is $11.8, in China – $7.4, and South Korea – $6.9 ($/kgoe).
India was the third largest consumer of oil and oil products in the world after the United States and China in 2019 [19].
Oil production between 2001 and 2019 increased by almost 25% reaching a level of 986 thousand barrels/day in 2019 [20].
The volume of oil consumption in the country since 2001 has shown a steady growth (Figure 2) and in 2019 was 4 920 thousand barrels/day [20].

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2023) / www.eia.gov

Figure 2. The Production and consumption of fossil fuels in India (coal – left, gas – in the center, oil – right)

BP indicated that crude oil production in India in 2020 was at 771 thousand barrels per day and consumption was 4 669 thousand barrels/day [6].
India imported 4.4 million barrels of oil per day in 2019 [19]. The main suppliers of oil to India are Iraq and Saudi Arabia, but Indian authorities are trying to diversify imports and increase the share of imports from countries in Africa, Venezuela, and to increase the volume of oil imports from Iran [19].
Natural gas consumption in India increased rapidly between 2001 and 2010, reaching 2 277 Bcf compared to 851 Bcf in 2001, but then declined to 1 958 Bcf by 2017 [20], rising again to 2 177 in 2020. According to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021 [6] estimated consumption was 59.6 Bcm in 2020.
The production of natural gas in India has been increasing since 2001, reaching 1 848 Bcf in 2010 compared to 851 Bcf in 2001, but had also declined to 979 Bcf by 2020 [20]. According to [6], gas production in the country was 23.8 Bcm in 2020. India imported 23.96 Bcm of natural gas in 2017 [3].
India is the fourth largest importer of LNG in the world – about 1.2 Tcf (7% of global trade) in 2019 [19]. The main suppliers are Qatar, Nigeria, Egypt and Yemen [19].

India is the third largest producer of coal in the world. Coal consumption in the country gradually grew from 2001 to 2019, totalling 978 million short tons in 2019 [20]; in 2018 according to BP's report consumption amounted to 17.54 Exajoules [6]. Production also grew steadily, reaching 715 million short tons in 2020 [20], and 12.68 Exajoules in 2020 [6]. Historically, India has had a high share of fossil fuels in its electricity production (Fig. 3).
In 2020, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, electricity production in the country was 1 452.23 TWh. Production was dominated by fossil fuels – 75.5%. The share of hydropower was 10.7%, the share of renewable resources – 11%, and the share of nuclear energy was 2.8% (Figure 7) [8].
India‘s position in the comparative diagram of energy index is shown in Figure 4. Despite significant fossil energy resources (indices 1,2,3), the production and consumption ratio of these resources is below the world average, which may stimulate the development of renewable energy and the use of energy-saving technologies.

In terms of the share of electricity production from renewable energy sources (excluding hydropower), India is 52^nd, out of 170 countries selected for consideration. India is ranked 87^th, behind Malaysia but ahead of China, in the EAPI of 2017 (Energy Architecture Performance Index), which is based principally on the level of economic growth, environmental safety, and energy independence of the country, including access to energy. Over the last 8 years the country has gained 4 positions in the rating.
In terms of GDP per unit of energy use, India is 32^nd out of 66 countries , but places lower by this indicator per capita – 62^nd place. In terms of electricity consumption per capita, the country is 146^th in the world, however, for the indicator of combined electricity production-consumption, India is 2^nd in the ranked list of 216 countries.

A territorial map showing the distribution of the largest infrastructure projects of the fossil fuel sector in India is shown in Figure 5. As previously mentioned, the proven reserves of coal account for 97.6%, of the total energy potential of the country's mineral resources, with natural gas reserves accounting for 1.6%, and crude oil reserves for 0.8% (Fig.5).
The main oil and gas fields of India are predominantly in offshore fields. In 2020, oil production from the Mumbai High Oil Field was 170 000 barrels/day [21].
In 2021, Indian refineries had a total installed capacity of 4.619 million barrels/day [22] (Fig. 5). The largest refinery in the country is the Jamnagar I-II complex owned by Reliance Industry Limited, with an installed capacity of 60 million tons per year [23].
India's largest oil terminal is Vopak Terminal Kandla (254 727 m³) [24], and its main oil storage facility is Padur (18.7 million barrels) [25]. As of 2021, crude oil is transported via oil pipelines with a total length of 8 943 km; refined products are transported via pipelines with a total length of 11 069 km; and the liquid petroleum gas pipeline is 2 054 km long (Fig. 5).

Figure 5. Basic infrastructural facilities of the fossil fuel sector in India

The main gas field of the country is the Bassein gas field in the Arabian Sea. The peak production from this field was recorded at 29 million m³ per day in 2010. On the basis of economic assumptions, production will continue until the field reaches its economic limit in 2042 [26].
Gas imports are carried out via 4 LNG terminals, with a capacity of more than 300 000 m³ each, the largest of which is Petronet’s Dahej, with a total capacity of 592 000 m³ [27]. Gas is transported throughout the country via a network of pipelines with a total length of 13 581 km, and 9 km of condensate gas pipeline (Fig. 5).
Extraction of oil and gas on the coastal shelf is also carried out by means of FPSO vessels, the largest of which is Dhirubhai-1 owned by Reliance Industry Limited and operated by Aker Floating Production AS. The installed capacity of FPSO Dhirubhai-1 is 80 000 barrels of liquid per day (bpld) of oil, and 12 million m³ of associated gas, 25% of which is reinjected into oil wells [28].
The infrastructure for natural gas processing is represented by several plants, the largest of which is Hazira with an installed capacity of 42.352 million m³ per day [29].
The largest coal field in India is at Raniganj which produces 33.9 million tons per year [30]. The uranium resources in the country totalled 229 499 tons in July 2017, and uranium mining from the mines in Meghalaya, West Khasi Hills district and the Mawthabah enrichment plant is 340 tU/year [31].

Figure 6. Basic infrastructure facilities of the unconventional fuel sector in India

The proven reserves of shale gas account for 77.9% of the total energy potential of the country's mineral resources, tight oil accounts for 15.9%, and the potential for utilization of coal mine methane for 6.2% (Fig. 6).
The largest reserves of these non-traditional fossil resources are in the Cambay Basin (30 TCF of technically recoverable shale gas, 2.7 billion bbl of technically recoverable shale oil) [32].
Oil India Ltd has discovered heavy oil fields in Baghawala, a sandy desert area in Rajasthan's Barmer district; these reserves are estimated at 130 million tons [33].
In the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea area, a number of gas hydrate occurrences have been discovered [34].
India is a large producer of coal mine methane, and the volumes of production are increasing every year. The largest coal mine methane field is Raniganj, and extraction totalled 0.35 million m³/day in 2007 [35].
A map of the territorial distribution of India's largest infrastructure facilities for electricity generation is presented in Figure 7.
Electricity production in India in 2020 was 1 452.23 TWh, and was dominated by fossil fuels – 75.5% (Fig. 7).
The country has a significant number of stations that produce electricity from hydrocarbons, including six oil stations with a capacity of more than 100 MW, six gas-fired power plants with a capacity of more than 1 000 MW, twelve coal-fired power plants with a capacity of more than 3 000 MW, four combined-type plants of 100 MW, and seven nuclear power plants with a capacity of more than 400 MW (Fig. 7).

Figure 7. Electricity production in India

In terms of government expenditure on education, as a percentage of the country's GDP, the country demonstrates a result below the world average – 118^th out of 177 countries selected for consideration. Nevertheless, 36 universities in India are included in the QS University Rating. It should also be noted that the country's GDP is high, therefore, in absolute terms, the costs of education and research are, nevertheless, significant. In terms of the amount of government expenditure on research and development, as a percentage of GDP, the country is 44^th in the world. India is well positioned when considering the number of publications of specialists in scientific and technological journals and patent activities. India is 7^th out of 240 participating countries in the Scimago ranking, and in Scientific and Journal Activities it is ranked 3^rd out of 197 countries, China and the USA. The country is also among the leaders in terms of its number of internet users.
Indian universities, such as the University of Delhi, the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, the Indian School of Mines, and the Indian Institute of Technology Madras train specialists in various fields of energy, including Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Petroleum Geology, Environmental Studies and Geology, etc.
In the field of synthetic fuel production, extraction and processing of unconventional oil, the leaders in patenting among Indian companies are Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Reliance Industries Limited. Research and development in this field is carried out by Indian Institute of Technology, National Institute of Technology, CSIR Indian Institute of Petroleum.
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is also actively engaged in research in the field of extraction and processing of unconventional oil. Essar Oil Ltd., the Indian Institute of Technology, and the Indian School of Mines are leading research organizations in the field of coalbed methane.
The leaders among Indian researchers in such an important area as gas hydrates are companies and organizations – the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the National Geophysical Research Institute, the National Institute of Oceanography, the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC); and in the field of hydrocarbon production from reservoirs with low permeability – the Indian School of Mines, the Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, and the Indian Institute of Technology at Madras. The leading patent holders in the field of associated gas is the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), and the Indian Institute of Technology Madras is conducting research in this field.
The leading patent holders in the field of bioenergy are Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Nagarjuna Energy Private Limited, Lignoil Technologies Private Limited. Research and development in this field is carried out by Indian Institute of Technology, CSIR Indian Institute of Chemical Technology and others.
A large number of Indian companies patent technical solutions in the field of energy production from renewable sources. In the field of solar energy – the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Scorpius Trachers Private Limited. Leading research organizations in this field are the Indian Institute of Technology, the National Institute of Technology, the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, and the Indian Institute of Technology Madras.
Green energy India Private Ltd. are ahead in the number of patents in the field of wind power, and the National Institute of Technology, the Indian Institute of Technology, and Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University conduct research in this area.

India is regarded as one of the 61 countries responsible for more than 90% of global CO₂ emissions related to energy in the Climate Change Performance Index 2022 (CCPI). In this rating India ranked 10^th , likely owing to the fact that emissions over the last years have increased; at the same time emissions per capita is still low.
In terms of forest area as a percentage of the country, India is 131^st in the world, but, nevertheless demonstrates a positive trend in the forest area change – 3^rd in the world.
India has a relatively low rating in the Environmental Performance Index 2020 (EPI), which focuses primarily on assessing the environmental performance of national governments. Here, the country is 168^th out of 180 countries surveyed.

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The sources of charts and curves are specified under the images.

For more information about the energy industry in India see here