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斯洛文尼亚的能源工业
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经济总体状况

斯洛文尼亚,正式名称为斯洛文尼亚共和国,是中欧的一个国家,西边与意大利接壤,东北部与匈牙利接壤,北边与奥地利接壤,南部和东部与克罗地亚接壤。西南受亚得里亚海冲刷,海岸线长47公里。
据2023年统计,斯洛文尼亚领土面积排名世界第154位,人口约210万。按人口密度计算,该国居世界第113位。斯洛文尼亚是一个议会制共和国,分为 200 个自治市和 12 个城市自治市。首都和最大城市是卢布尔雅那,官方语言是斯洛文尼亚语[1,2,3]。

 

Slovenia / Republic of Slovenia
Capital: LjubljanaDensity: 103/km2Currency: (€) (EUR)
Official languages:  SloveneLife expectancy at birth: 80.53 yearsGDP (PPP): $111 billion (2023 est.)
National Day: 25 JuneArea (land): 20,271 km2GDP - per capita (PPP): $52,640 (2023 est.)
Population: 2,099,790 (2023 est.)Coastline: 47 kmInternet country code: .si

Source: [1,2,3,4,5]

Aerial drone view of Ljubljana, Slovenia. KA2CYTVFBM. Envato Elements

斯洛文尼亚相对于其他国家的排名是根据一系列广泛的经济、能源、创新和教育指数以及反映环境状况的指标确定的。经济指标包括人均GDP、年均GDP增长率、高新技术出口等。能源指数列表包括石油、天然气和煤炭的探明储量、产耗比以及能源使用量等。每个指数都有一个包含的成员国排名列表。由于每个指数的每个评级的国家数量不同,因此将感兴趣的国家的定位显示在一个特殊的图表上,其中纵轴是从0到1的统一相对刻度,而横轴表示各个指数以及与下面给出的描述相关的相应编号。
因此,在这样一个相对的“0-1”图中,该国家的位置按照其在原始评级列表中的位置成比例地用点来标记。如果该国在所选指标方面处于领先地位,则将在相关图表“0-1”的上部绿色区域中标记为接近 1,如果该国在评级列表中属于局外人,则将标记为接近 1在图表下方的红色区域“0-1”等。

斯洛文尼亚经济指数列表排名:

   Sources:
1. GDP (purchasing power parity), 2020 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228
2. GDP - per capita (PPP), 2020 / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *229
3. Inflation rate (consumer prices), 2019 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228
4. Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$), 2020 / International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, and data files. / License: CC BY-4.0 *88
5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum *141
6. High-technology exports (current US$) 2019-2020 / United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform / License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *134
7. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom / International Economies / The Heritage Foundation *178
8. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold, 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *195
9. Annual average GDP growth in %, for the last 10 years (2011-2020) / World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files / License: CC BY-4.0  *206
10. Public debt (% of GDP), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency (from smallest to largest) *210
  * Total number of countries participating in ranking


图 1. 斯洛文尼亚的经济指数

斯洛文尼亚是一个出口导向型国家,宏观经济稳定性高,工业比重较大。大部分经济指标均高于世界平均水平。其中最高的是通货膨胀率(0.77)、全球竞争力指数(0.75)和2021年经济自由指数(0.73),表明斯洛文尼亚是一个拥有良好投资环境的国家。最低的指标是年平均 GDP 增长率(0.30)以及外汇和黄金储备(0.31)。

能源资源

斯洛文尼亚没有原油和天然气储量,煤炭储量微不足道,仅占世界储量的0.04%。此外,斯洛文尼亚共和国政府还通过了《煤炭撤资和煤炭地区重组国家战略》,规定斯洛文尼亚最晚在2033年停止使用煤炭发电[6]。

表1. 斯洛文尼亚化石能源资源

Resource /ExplanationsCrude oilNatural gasCoal*Shale GasTight OilCoalmine methane
Value--409 (0.04%)---
Unit--million short tonnes---
Year--2021---
Source[-][-][7]---

* share of the country’s reserves in world total is provided in brackets

在斯洛文尼亚,可再生能源的技术潜力远高于目前的装机容量。这主要涉及风能,在该国西部地区,主要是山区,在50 m高度处风速可达6 m/s。 GHI太阳辐射强度最高,每天最多4千瓦时/平方米,分布在该国西南部的沿海喀斯特和戈里齐亚地区,但如果充分利用,可显着增加可再生能源装机国内的能力。

表2.斯洛文尼亚的可再生能源资源

Resource/
explanations
Solar Potential
(GHI)*
Wind Potential
(50 м)*
Bio Potential
(agricultural area)
Bio Potential
(forest area)
Municipal Solid
Waste
Value3.0-3.6<5.030.361.5511
UnitkWh/m2/daym/s% of land area% of land areakg per capita
Year20202020202020202021
Source[8][9][10][11][12]

*for most of the territory of the country

LISCA, SLOVENIA
Latitüde: 46.07, Longitude: 15.28
Average speed: 3.39 m/s, Operational share: 59%

Average daily wind speed for 10 years of observations, m/s


Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information:
 Interactive map of wind resources


NOVO MESTO, SLOVENIA
Latitiude: 45.8, Longitude: 15.18

Average daily sky coverage over 10 years of observations, %


CLR - clear, SCT - scattered from 1/8 TO 4/8, BKN - broken from 5/8 TO 7/8, OVC - overcast, OBS - obscured, POB - partial obscuration

Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information:
 Interactive map of solar resources

 

斯洛文尼亚是其中之一欧洲森林覆盖率最高的国家,约60%的领土被森林覆盖。农业用地约占全国的30%。这些指标为不同类型的生物能源的发展创造了非常有利的条件,生物能源已经在国家能源平衡中占有重要地位。

能量平衡

根据[7],2022年斯洛文尼亚一次能源总产量为0.094万亿英热单位,而消费量为0.243万亿英热单位。因此,国内生产占一次能源消费的比重约为37.2%。这使得斯洛文尼亚成为一个依赖能源进口的国家。
根据《BP 2022 年世界能源统计年鉴》,2021 年斯洛文尼亚一次能源消费总量为 0.27 艾焦耳[13]。

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / https://www.eia.gov

图 2. 斯洛文尼亚化石燃料的生产和消费(煤炭 - 左,天然气 - 中间,石油 - 右)

从上图可以看出,斯洛文尼亚的天然气和原油消耗几乎完全靠进口满足。然而,如图所示的十年间,他们的消费动态并没有发生任何巨大的变化。如果我们看一下煤炭的数据,它的消费量略大于生产量,并且十年来煤炭使用量有明显的下降趋势。

                                    Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / https://www.eia.gov 
                                       
图 3. 斯洛文尼亚的发电量
 


斯洛文尼亚的电力行业在上图所示的时间段内表现出相当稳定的表现。这既适用于几乎恒定的发电量和消耗量,也适用于发电的一次能源份额的缓慢变化。
根据斯洛文尼亚官方能源状况报告[14],2022年,斯洛文尼亚生产和供应的所有电力的43.6%来自核能,30.9%来自包括水电在内的可再生能源,25.5%来自化石燃料。在可再生能源中,88%来自水力,7.6%来自太阳能,4.2%来自生物质,0.2%来自风能。

 Sources:
1. Crude oil proved reserves, 2021 / International Energy Statistic/Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021)*98
2. Natural gas proved reserves 2021 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *99
3. Total recoverable coal reserves 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *81
4. Combination production-consumption for Crude oil 2018 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *219
5. Combination production-consumption for Natural gas 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *123
6. Combination production-consumption for Coal 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *128
7. Electricity – from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *170
8. GDP per unit of energy use (PPP per unit of oil equivalent), 2020 *66
Primary energy consumption - BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021/BP;
GDP (purchasing power parity) - The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency
9. Energy use (primary energy use of oil equivalent per capita) 2020  *127
Primary energy consumption – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021
*66
10. The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report (EAPI) 2017 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum
11. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita), 2016 *217
Electricity Consumption - The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021

12. Combination of electricity production-consumption (kWh)/The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *216

* Total number of countries participating in ranking

图 4. 斯洛文尼亚的能源指数

由于斯洛文尼亚没有大量的原油和天然气储量,因此前两个位置仍然无人占据。总体而言,化石燃料指标在图表中最弱,其中最低的是原油生产-消费组合(0.30)。图表中最强的指标是全球能源架构绩效指数报告 (0.90)。除此之外,该国在人均用电量(0.82)和人均石油当量一次能源使用量(0.76)方面排名相对较高。
 

能源基础设施

斯洛文尼亚的化石燃料基础设施和电力部门如下图所示。该国几乎完全依赖进口原油和天然气,位于东北部与匈牙利接壤的佩蒂绍夫齐天然气和油田的国内产量有限。斯洛文尼亚最大的集装箱港口科佩尔位于亚得里亚海北部,包括一个石油码头和一个石油储存设施。
斯洛文尼亚唯一的煤矿 Velenje 进行煤炭生产,其大部分褐煤用于附近的 Termoelektrarna Šoštanj 发电厂。后者被认为无利可图,根据斯洛文尼亚的煤炭淘汰战略,将于 2033 年关闭。

Map of oil and gas infrastructure and power plants in Slovenia
图5.斯洛文尼亚化石燃料行业基础设施和电力生产根据能源信


息管理局的数据,2022年核能在发电中的份额为42.3%,其次是化石燃料(26.5%)、水力发电(24.7%) )和其他可再生能源(6.5%)。克尔什科核电站位于克尔什科市弗尔维纳镇,是该国唯一的核电站,不仅提供斯洛文尼亚很大一部分电力消耗,还满足克罗地亚的部分电力需求。斯洛文尼亚的水力发电基础设施由小型和大型水力发电厂组成。最大的一座是 136 兆瓦的 Zlatoličje 水电站,位于该国东部马里博尔市和普图伊市之间的德拉瓦河沿岸。德拉瓦运河左岸用于光伏项目,该项目延伸至该国第二大水电站福明[15]。

Map of Renewable energy infrastructure in Slovenia
图 6. 斯洛文尼亚的可再生能源

如果我们看看 2021 年可再生能源的总发电量,水力发电占 86.5%,其次是太阳能,占 8.3%,生物能源占 5.1%,风能仅占 0.1%。斯洛文尼亚的沼气生产相当发达。斯洛文尼亚最大的沼气生产潜力是该国东北部的波穆尔斯卡地区,这里集中了大部分利用农业废弃物的沼气厂。总体而言,斯洛文尼亚在太阳能特别是风能的利用方面比较落后。 2023年,该国只有两台风力涡轮机在运行。其中之一位于斯洛文尼亚西南部格里斯科波列的迪瓦查市。该国政府正在采取措施鼓励可再生能源投资,加快风能和太阳能发电厂的建设。可再生能源领域的许多项目计划在未来几年建设。

教育与创新

下图显示了斯洛文尼亚在教育和创新方面的地位:

 
Sources:
1. The Global Innovation Index 2021, Rankings / Knowledge / World Intellectual Property Organization / Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2021):
Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva *132
2. Patent Grants 2011-2020, resident & abroad / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *185
3.Patents in Force 2020 / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *109
4. QS World University Rankings 2022 *97
5. SCImago Country Rankings (1996-2020) / Country rankings / SCImago, (n.d.). SIR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. Retrieved 17 Nov 2021 *240
6. Internet users in 2018 / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229
7. Internet users in 2018 (% Population) / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229
8. Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), 2019 / United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.
License: CCBY-4.0 / Data as of September 2021*177
9. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 / UNESCO Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *119
10. Scientific and technical journal articles, 2018 / National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *197
  * Total number of countries participating in ranking
 
 
图8. 斯洛文尼亚的教育和创新指数
 

大多数描述该国在教育和创新相关国际排名中的排名的指数都高于平均水平。斯洛文尼亚在研发支出 (0.89) 和 SCImago 国家排名 (0.78) 方面排名最高。该国排名最低的是 2022 年 QS 世界大学排名(0.19)和互联网用户总数(0.44),然而,这是由于该国人口较少。斯洛文尼亚未包含在有效专利评级中,因此图表中的这一位置仍然空缺。

生态环境保护

与环境问题相关的指标如下图所示。

 Sources:
1. CO2 total emission by countries 2020 / European Commission / Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)*208
2. CO2 per capita emission 2020/European Commission/Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) *208
3. Forest area 2020 (% of land area) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234
4. Forest area change 2010-2020 (1000 ha/year) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234
5. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 / Rankings / Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Yale University *180
6. Annual freshwater withdrawals (m3 per capita), 2017 *179
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion m3), 2017 – Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data. /License: CC BY-4.0; 
Population – United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019).
World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021
7. The National Footprint Accounts 2017 (Biocapacity Credit / Deficit) / Global Footprint Network *188
8. Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), 2018 / Data for up to 1990 are sourced from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Data from 1990 are CAIT data: Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Available at: License : Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)  *191
9. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022 / Overall Results / Jan Burck, Thea Uhlich, Christoph Bals, Niklas Höhne, Leonardo Nascimento /
Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network *60

  * Total number of countries participating in ranking
 
 
图 8. 斯洛文尼亚的环境指数
 


与环境问题相关的指标显示该国在该领域的情况相当参差不齐。一方面,斯洛文尼亚作为一个森林覆盖率很高的国家,森林总面积指标非常好(0.87),但另一方面,森林面积变化指标(0.30)却显示出森林砍伐的趋势。

Colorful autumn at Lake Bled, Slovenia. 8JMVK6E3GS. Envato Elements

所提出的最高指标是环境绩效指数 (0.90)。与此同时,斯洛文尼亚的气候变化绩效指数(0.22)和国家足迹账户(0.23)得分相当低。这主要是由于二氧化碳排放量相对较高——总量(0.46)和人均(0.24)。

参考

[1] List of sovereign states and dependencies by area / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area
[2] List of countries and dependencies by population density / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density
[3] Slovenia / The world factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / www.cia.gov
[4] GDP, PPP (constant 2011 international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[5] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[6] Coal phase-out by 2033 / hse / https://www.hse.si/app/uploads/2022/02/Coal-Phase-out.pdf
[7] International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration / www.eia.gov/beta/international/
[8] Solar resource data obtained from the Global Solar Atlas, owned by the World Bank Group and provided by Solargis / Global Solar Atlas / globalsolaratlas.info
[9] Wind Map / Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: globalwindatlas.info
[10] Agricultural land (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[11] Forest area (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[12] Municipal waste statistics Updated /  Full list / Statistics Explained / Eurostat / ec.europa.eu
[13] BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020-2022 (PDF) / BP / www.bp.com
[14] Report on the Energy Situation in Slovenia-2022 / Agenzija za energijo / https://www.agen-rs.si/documents/54870/68629/Report-on-the-energy-situation-in-Slovenia-2022/d72a2865-931f-441d-b8a3-0346eac0e59a
[15] DEM bolstering Slovenia’s largest hydropower plant with solar power / January 30, 2023 / https://balkangreenenergynews.com/dem-bolstering-zlatolicje-slovenias-largest-hydropower-plant-with-solar-power/

的来源在图像下方指定。

有关斯洛文尼亚能源行业的更多信息,请参见此处