匈牙利位于中欧。该国西部与斯洛文尼亚和奥地利接壤,北部与斯洛伐克接壤,东部与乌克兰和罗马尼亚接壤,南部与塞尔维亚和克罗地亚接壤。匈牙利与斯洛伐克、罗马尼亚和克罗地亚有最长的边界。匈牙利人口约为1000万。匈牙利是单一议会制共和国,首都布达佩斯,人口170万。
Hungary | ||
---|---|---|
Capital: Budapest | Density: 105/km2 | Currency: Forint (HUF) |
Official languages: Hungarian | Life expectancy at birth: 77.2 years | GDP (PPP): $421.683 billion (2023 est.) |
National Day: 23 October | Area (land): 89,608 km2 | GDP - per capita (PPP): $43,601 (2023 est.) |
Population: 9,597,085 (2023 est.) | Coastline: 0 km | Internet country code: .hu |
Source: [1,2,3,4,5]
匈牙利相对于其他国家的评级位置是根据一系列广泛的经济、能源、创新和教育指数以及反映环境状况的指标确定的。经济指标包括人均GDP、年均GDP增长率、高新技术出口等。能源指数列表包括石油、天然气和煤炭的探明储量、产耗比以及能源使用量等。每个指数都有一个包含的成员国排名列表。由于每个指数的每个评级的国家数量不同,因此将感兴趣的国家的定位显示在一个特殊的图表上,其中纵轴是从0到1的统一相对刻度,而横轴表示各个指数以及与下面给出的描述相关的相应编号。
因此,在这样一个相对的“0-1”图中,该国家的位置按照其在原始评级列表中的位置成比例地用点来标记。如果该国在所选指标方面处于领先地位,则将在相关图表“0-1”的上部绿色区域中标记为接近 1,如果该国在评级列表中属于局外人,则将标记为接近 1图表下方红色区域“0-1”等。
匈牙利经济指数列表排名:
Sources: 1. GDP (purchasing power parity), 2020 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228 2. GDP - per capita (PPP), 2020 / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *229 3. Inflation rate (consumer prices), 2019 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228 4. Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$), 2020 / International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, and data files. / License: CC BY-4.0 *88 5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum *141 6. High-technology exports (current US$) 2019-2020 / United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform / License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *134 7. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom / International Economies / The Heritage Foundation *178 8. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold, 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *195 9. Annual average GDP growth in %, for the last 10 years (2011-2020) / World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files / License: CC BY-4.0 *206 10. Public debt (% of GDP), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency (from smallest to largest) *210 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 1. 匈牙利经济指数 |
对于图表中显示的大部分经济指标,匈牙利明显位于排名中位之上。匈牙利经济指标中最薄弱的部分是公共债务、通货膨胀率和年平均GDP增长率。匈牙利在高科技出口(0.82)和知识产权使用费(0.77)方面的指数最好。
匈牙利没有大量化石燃料储备。例如,匈牙利石油储量相对于世界储量的份额为0.001%,天然气的份额为0.002%。煤炭的份额更高——0.28%。以吨油当量计算,根据2024年数据,按燃料类型划分的常规探明储量为:石油0.1%,天然气0.1%,煤炭99.8%(图5)
表1. 匈牙利化石能源资源
Resource/ Explanations | Crude oil | Natural gas | Coal | Shale Gas | Tight Oil | Coalmine methane |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 12.1 | 3.738 | 3 207 | - | - | 3.5 - 12.1 |
Unit | million barrels | Bcf | million short tons | - | - | Bcm |
Year | 2020 | 2020 | 2021 | - | - | 2020 |
Source | [3] | [3] | [6] | - | - | [7] |
匈牙利的可再生资源指数显示出相对较低的值。太阳能潜力 (GHI) 主要在 3.3-3.5 kWh/m 2 /天范围内,这使得太阳能发电能够以较低或中等效率水平进行开发。下图显示了匈牙利东北部米什科尔茨地区的天空覆盖示例,该地区周围集中了几座太阳能发电厂。风资源的情况也类似。风电场的安装使用匈牙利西北部地区,该地区在 50 m 高度处的平均风速达到 6 m/s。匈牙利有许多水资源相当丰富的河流,其中最大的是多瑙河和蒂萨河。然而,匈牙利的水电尚未得到认真开发。相当广阔的农业地区为开发许多生物能源技术,特别是沼气、生物乙醇或生物柴油的生产提供了良好的资源基础。
表2.匈牙利的可再生能源资源
Resource/ Explanations | Solar Potential (GHI)* | Wind Potential (50 м)* | Bio Potential (agricultural area) | Bio Potential (forest area) | Geothermal Potenial | Municipal Solid Waste |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 3.3-3.5 | 4.0-5.0 | 53.7 | 22.5 | 90-100 | 416 |
Unit | kWh/m2/day | m/s | % of land area | % of land area | mW/m2 | kg per capita |
Year | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2022 | 2021 |
Source | [8] | [9] | [10] | [11] | [12] | [13] |
*for most of the territory of the country
MISKOLC, HUNGARY, Sky cover, %
Latitiude: 48.08 Longitude: 20.77
根据[6],2022年匈牙利一次能源总产量为0.339万亿英热单位,消费量为0.996万亿英热单位。简单计算一下,国内生产占一次能源消费的比重为34%。因此,匈牙利是一个极度依赖能源进口的国家。一次能源消费以天然气为主 - 36.6%,其次是石油 - 34.3%,可再生能源和核能 - 22.5%,以及煤炭 - 6.5% [6]。
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / www.eia.gov
2. 匈牙利化石燃料的生产和消费(煤炭 – 左,天然气 – 中间,石油 – 右)
在过去 20 年中,匈牙利石油边际产量保持在稳定水平。天然气的特点是产量明显下降。过去二十年里,煤炭产量下降了近三倍,煤炭消耗量大大超过了产量
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / www.eia.gov | ||
图 3. 匈牙利的电力生产 |
如图3所示,匈牙利当地发电量远远落后于消费量。在过去十年中,该国的电力消耗在 36 至 43 GWh 之间变化,发电量约为 28 至 35 GWh [6, 14]。在过去四年中,发电量逐年增加,主要来自可再生能源。
匈牙利能源指数图表如下图所示。
Sources: 1. Crude oil proved reserves, 2021 / International Energy Statistic/Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021)*98 2. Natural gas proved reserves 2021 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *99 3. Total recoverable coal reserves 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *81 4. Combination production-consumption for Crude oil 2018 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *219 5. Combination production-consumption for Natural gas 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *123 6. Combination production-consumption for Coal 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *128 7. Electricity – from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *170 8. GDP per unit of energy use (PPP per unit of oil equivalent), 2020 *66 Primary energy consumption - BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021/BP;GDP (purchasing power parity) - The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency 9. Energy use (primary energy use of oil equivalent per capita) 2020 *127 Primary energy consumption – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021*66 10. The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report (EAPI) 2017 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum 11. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita), 2016 *217 Electricity Consumption - The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021 12. Combination of electricity production-consumption (kWh)/The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *216 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 4. 匈牙利能源指数 |
由于石油和天然气等化石资源有限,匈牙利在各指数中的定位位于图表底部。煤炭指数看起来明显更好,尤其是在探明储量方面。在此图表中,匈牙利在全球能源架构绩效指数、人均电力消耗、每单位能源使用量 GDP 方面得分最高,在电力生产-消费组合方面得分最差。
匈牙利的天然气生产主要集中在该国南部。主要的储气设施也位于那里。这些气田的天然气储量较小:例如,Makó 气田的天然气可采储量为 1.55 bcm [15]。高压输气管道总长度约6000公里。
该国的石油工业包括总储量为 1210 万桶的几个小油田、油库网络、位于布达佩斯附近 Szazhalombatta 的多瑙河杜纳炼油厂以及两条主要管道。第一条是 Druzhba 管道,其匈牙利段从 Szazhalombatta 延伸至乌克兰边境的 Fényeslitke 接收点。第二条管道起源于克罗地亚奥米沙利,一直延伸至多瑙河杜纳炼油厂,该炼油厂由匈牙利最大的公司之一 MOL 拥有。
匈牙利已装机容量为 10.9 吉瓦,2022 年发电量为 33.8 太瓦时 [6]。其中,核电对发电的贡献最大——近 44%。可再生能源的份额约为22%。
匈牙利最大的发电厂是 Paks 核电厂(铭牌容量 2000 MW)和 Mátra 燃煤电厂(950 MW)[16,17]。匈牙利国家电网将全国所有地区互连起来,主要设计用于 400 KV 线路,但也有 750 KV 线路。
匈牙利的可再生能源相当多样化,主要以生物能和太阳能为代表。地热能和水力发电的代表性要小得多。风电的比重也相对较小。
Figure 7. Renewable energy in Hungary (click on the map to view a PDF version)
匈牙利拥有大量生产沼气、生物乙醇、生物柴油和颗粒的小型工厂,以及几座生物质发电厂。
2019-2021年期间,匈牙利有多座新的太阳能发电厂投入运行,包括Kaba Solar Park(43 MW)、Kapuvár Solar Park(25 MW)和Paks Solar Park(20.6 MW)[18]。这使得太阳能在发电量方面成为其他可再生能源中的绝对领先者。
风能在匈牙利的代表性要小得多。只有少数风电场容量超过20兆瓦。其中最大的是 Ács 风电场,容量为 74 MW [19]。
国家能源和气候计划以及国家能源战略定义了匈牙利到 2030 年的能源前景[20,21]。在[22]中,总结了这些文件的主要发现:
预计将采取一系列具体技术措施来实现这些目标,包括提高所有消费部门的能源效率、发展第二代生物燃料的生产、加快储能系统的部署、扩大废物处理、确保创建氢经济,增加对研究、开发和创新的资助,重新鉴定和培训人员。
Sources: 1. The Global Innovation Index 2021, Rankings / Knowledge / World Intellectual Property Organization / Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2021): Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva *132 2. Patent Grants 2011-2020, resident & abroad / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *185 3.Patents in Force 2020 / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *109 4. QS World University Rankings 2022 *97 5. SCImago Country Rankings (1996-2020) / Country rankings / SCImago, (n.d.). SIR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. Retrieved 17 Nov 2021 *240 6. Internet users in 2018 / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229 7. Internet users in 2018 (% Population) / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229 8. Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), 2019 / United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data as of September 2021*177 9. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 / UNESCO Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *119 10. Scientific and technical journal articles, 2018 / National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *197 * Total number of countries participating in ranking | ||
图8. 匈牙利的教育和创新指数 |
描述该国在教育和创新相关的各种国际排名中的地位的所有匈牙利指数都高于平均水平。匈牙利在 SCimago 国家排名、2011-2020 年专利授权、研发支出(占 GDP 的百分比)方面排名最高。匈牙利在 2018 年互联网用户(人口百分比)和 2022 年 QS 世界大学排名中的得分略低。总体而言,匈牙利在教育和创新领域的指数看起来相当有说服力。
Sources: 1. CO2 total emission by countries 2020 / European Commission / Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)*208 2. CO2 per capita emission 2020/European Commission/Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) *208 3. Forest area 2020 (% of land area) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234 4. Forest area change 2010-2020 (1000 ha/year) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234 5. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 / Rankings / Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Yale University *180 6. Annual freshwater withdrawals (m3 per capita), 2017 *179 Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion m3), 2017 – Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data. /License: CC BY-4.0; Population – United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021 7. The National Footprint Accounts 2017 (Biocapacity Credit / Deficit) / Global Footprint Network *188 8. Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), 2018 / Data for up to 1990 are sourced from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Data from 1990 are CAIT data: Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: License : Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) *191 9. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022 / Overall Results / Jan Burck, Thea Uhlich, Christoph Bals, Niklas Höhne, Leonardo Nascimento / Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network *60 * Total number of countries participating in ranking | ||
图 9. 匈牙利环境指数 |
匈牙利的化石燃料开采水平较低,以及通过核电和可再生能源发电的大量电力,在环境指数图表中得到了积极的反映。例如,匈牙利的甲烷排放量高于平均水平,2020 年环境绩效指数 (EPI)、森林面积变化、每年淡水抽取量在 0.66-0.82 之间,最大值为 1。然而,二氧化碳排放量数字为 0.27-0.28,并且2022 年气候变化绩效指数 (CCPI) 甚至更低。由此可见,从图9来看,匈牙利的环境状况总体上不值得担忧,但个别指标有待改善。
[1] List of sovereign states and dependencies by area / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area
[2] List of countries and dependencies by population density / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density
[3] Hungary / The world factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / www.cia.gov
[4] GDP, PPP (constant 2011 international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[5] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[6] International Energy Statistic / Geography / Hungary / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Dec 2022) / www.eia.gov/beta/international/
[7] Potential for the utilization of coal methane/ aenert.com/technologies/fossil-fuel/unconventional-gas/coal-seam-methane/
[8] Solar resource data obtained from the Global Solar Atlas, owned by the World Bank Group and provided by Solargis / Global Solar Atlas / globalsolaratlas.info
[9] Hungary Wind Map / Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: globalwindatlas.info
[10] Agricultural land (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[11] Forest area (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[12] www.marketresearch.com/Mordor-Intelligence-LLP-v4018/Hungary-Geothermal-Energy-Growth-Trends-30678543/
[13] Municipal waste statistics Updated / 19 July 2018 / Full list / Statistics Explained / Eurostat / ec.europa.eu/ ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php
[14] BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020-2022 (PDF) / BP / www.bp.com
[15] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak%C3%B3_gas_field
[16] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paks_Nuclear_Power_Plant
[17] Mátra Power Plant en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1tra_Power_Plant
[18] list.solar/plants/largest-plants/hungary/
[19] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_Hungary
[20] NATIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY 2030/ 2010-2014.kormany.hu/download/7/d7/70000/Hungarian%20Energy%20Strategy%202030.pdf
[21] Climate Plan and National Energy Strategy/ energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-08/hu_final_necp_main_en.pdf
[22] Hungary 2022.Energy Policy Review. International Energy Agency/
iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/9f137e48-13e4-4aab-b13a-dcc90adf7e38/Hungary2022.pdf
和曲线的来源在图像下方指定。
有关匈牙利能源行业的更多信息,请参见此处