• General State of the Economy
• Energy Resources
• Energy Balance
• Energy Infrastructure
• Education and Innovation
• Ecology and Environment Protection
• References

Sudan does not consume or produce gas; associated petroleum gas of the oil fields is mostly flared or reinjected.
Oil production in Sudan, grew rapidly from 2001 to 2010 from 200 to almost 500 thousand barrels per day, then fell significantly in 2012, and in 2023 it reached the level of 69,9 thousand barrels per day (Figure 2). According to [6], crude oil production in 2023 was 57 thousand barrels per day. The volume of consumption of this resource demonstrated stable growth (Fig. 2), and in 2023 reached the level of 128.9 thousand barrels/day, compared to 106.6 thousand barrels/day in 2012.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2024) / www.eia.gov

Figure 2. The production and consumption of fossil fuels in Sudan (coal – left, in the center – gas, oil – right)

Sudan and South Sudan exported about 125,000 barrels of crude oil per day in 2023, with the United Arab Emirates and Malaysia the main importers [11]. Historically, Sudan have a high share of hydropower in electricity production (Fig. 3). In 2023 country produced about 16.75 TWh of electricity, of which 68.7% was by hydropower and 29.8% by fossil fuels and 1.5% by other renewable sources (Fig. 5).

                                                   Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2024) / www.eia.gov

                                    Figure 3. Electricity production in Sudan

The role of hydropower has increased in recent years, while the share of fossil fuels has declined substantially. Positioning of Sudan on the diagram of energy indices is shown on Figure 4.
Sudan indices, based on reserves of oil and gas and their production-consumption ratio, are higher than the world‘s average. However, other indices look less convincing.

In the Global Energy Architecture Performance Index, which is based firstly on the level of economic growth, environmental safety, and energy independence of the country, including access to energy, both countries are 93^rd in the world.
GDP per unit of energy use in 2020 is higher than the world average – 52^nd out of 130 countries considered, while energy consumption per capita is much  lower – 127^th out of 135 countries.
In terms of electricity consumption per capita, Sudan are 172^nd in the world, however, for the indicator of combination of electricity production-consumption – 71^st in the ranked list of 216 countries.

The following data on education and innovation has a significant effect on the future development of Sudan energy (Figure 8). 
 

According to the number of patents granted to Sudanese residents, both inside the country and abroad, the country ranks 56^th in the world. Similarly, by the number of valid patents, the country is 83^rd in the world, which largely characterizes the country's patent attractiveness.
The countries are well positioned when considering the number of publications of specialists in scientific and technological journals –placed 94^th out of 196 countries considered. It is also highly regarded by the Scimago Journal and Country Rank (100^th place).
In terms of government expenditure on education as a percentage of the country's GDP, the country demonstrates a negative result –164^th out of 169 countries selected for consideration. In terms of the amount of government expenditure on research and development as a percentage of GDP, the country is 68^th in the world.
The University of Khartoum, Sudan University of Science and Technology and the Petro-Energy E&P Co. Ltd. are engaged in research in the field of non-traditional oil production, including directional drilling and hydro-cracking. Research and development in the field of bioenergy and solar energy are being carried out by the Sudan University of Science and Technology. In the field of synthetic fuel development – The University of Blue Nile.

A diagram of environmental indices is shown in Figure 9. According to the data, most of the indicators are in the red zone, indicating that there is an unfavourable ecological situation in both countries, which have high levels of methane emissions and CO₂ emissions. There are no positive trends in forest area change, in terms of the ecological footprint on a global scale, Sudan are debtors.
 

The situation is aggravated by a relatively low valuation in the Environmental Performance Index rankings (EPI) 2024, which focuses primarily on assessing the environmental performance of national governments. In this rating Sudan is below Egypt, and are 131^st out of 180 member countries and demonstrate a positive trend. According to The Environmental Vulnerability Index, which is based on years of observations and 50 indicators, which include for example, changing climatic characteristics or the quality of water resources, waste volumes, oil spills and other hazardous substances, etc.

Camels on the beach of the Nubian town, located in the northeast of Sudan. Envato Elements. YH2DPWMNCS

Sudan is 73^rd, and are characterized as "vulnerable".