Your Feedback
苏丹能源产业
License SS BY-SA 4.0 _ Last Updated: January 19, 2025
Download PDF


使用谷歌翻译

内容

总体经济状况

苏丹和南苏丹位于非洲东部,2011年7月南苏丹公投独立,苏丹位于非洲东北部,濒临红海。

Republic of the Sudan / جمهورية السودان
Capital: KhartoumDensity: 27/km2Currency: Sudanese pound (SDG)
Official languages: Arabic, EnglishLife expectancy at birth: 65.58 yearsGDP (PPP): $131.138 billion (2023)
National Day: 01 JanuaryLand area: 1,868,000 km2GDP - per capita (PPP): $2,740 (2023)
Population: 50,448,963 (2025)Coastline: 853 kmInternet country code: .sd

Source: [1,2,3,4,5]
 

根据 2025 年的统计数据, 苏丹的 领土面积位居世界第15 位,人口超过 5000 万,人口密度位居世界第193 位 (242 个国家中)。该国海岸线总长 853 公里 [3,4]。

Envato Elements. HVLRC37PMZ
 

该国的经济以石油出口为基础。在分离之前,苏丹是除 OPEC 之外非洲第二大石油生产国。对于大多数选定的指数,苏丹要么没有代表,要么位于图表底部(图 1)。

 Sources:
1. GDP (purchasing power parity), 2020 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228
2. GDP - per capita (PPP), 2020 / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *229
3. Inflation rate (consumer prices), 2019 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228
4. Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$), 2020 / International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, and data files. / License: CC BY-4.0 *88
5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum *141
6. High-technology exports (current US$) 2019-2020 / United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform / License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *134
7. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom / International Economies / The Heritage Foundation *178
8. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold, 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *195
9. Annual average GDP growth in %, for the last 10 years (2011-2020) / World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files / License: CC BY-4.0  *206
10. Public debt (% of GDP), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency
(from smallest to largest) *210
  * Total number of countries participating in ranking


图 1. 苏丹的经济指标
 

2023 年,苏丹按购买力平价计算的 GDP 为 1509.25 亿美元,近年来稳步下降 [3,4]。苏丹的人均 GDP 在过去 10 年中稳步下降,2023 年降至 2,500 美元 [3,5]。通货膨胀率从 2020 年的 7.12% 上升到 2022 年的 138.81% [3]。
根据 2024 年经济自由度指数,该指数考虑了商业自由、不受政府干预的自由、财产保护和不受腐败的自由,苏丹在 184 个国家中排名第 173 位。 根据世界银行的数据,2019 年苏丹的公共债务占 GDP 的比例为 201.6%。

能源资源

苏丹的主要能源资源是石油,据[11]估计,2024 年的石油储量为 12.5 亿桶,天然气储量为 3 万亿立方英尺。该国既不消费也不生产天然气和煤炭。

  表 1. 苏丹的能源资源

Resource /
Explanations
Crude oil*Natural gas*CoalSolar Potential
(GHI)**
Wind Potential
(50 м)**
Hydro energy
Potential***
Municipal Solid
Waste
Value1.25(0.07%)3(0.04%)-5.5-6.65.0-7.0190.20
Unitbillion barrelsTcf-kWh/m2/daym/sGWh/yearkg/per capita/day
Year20212021-2022202220132016
Source[11][11]-[7][8][9][10]

*括号中为该国储量占世界总量的份额
**适用于该国大部分领土
***理论总产能


苏丹在可再生能源发展方面具有巨大潜力(表 1)。该国大部分地区的全球水平太阳辐射水平相当高,值为 5.5-6.6 kWh/m2/天。太阳辐射最高水平出现在该国西北部,沿着埃及、利比亚和乍得边境,约为 6.6-6.8 kWh/m2/天。在大多数地区,风速为 5.0-7.0 m/s,在该国东北部,红海州,沿着红海海岸线,风速超过 8.0 m/s,为 50 m/s。
苏丹最主要的、最有价值的可再生能源资源是水力发电。该国的理论水力发电总潜力为 19 GWh/年。苏丹城市垃圾产生量为每人每天 0.20 公斤。


SUDAN, KHARTOUM
Latitude: 15.59, Longitude: 32.55


Average daily sky coverage over 10 years of observations, %

CLR - clear, SCT - scattered from 1/8 TO 4/8, BKN - broken from 5/8 TO 7/8, OVC - overcast, OBS - obscured, POB - partial obscuration

Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information:
 Interactive map of solar resources

SUDAN, KHARTOUM
Latitude: 15.59, Longitude: 32.55
Average speed: 4.55 m/s, Operational share: 81%

Average daily wind speed for 10 years of observations, m/s, 10 m above the ground

Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of wind resources  

能量平衡

苏丹不消耗或生产天然气;油田伴生石油气大多被燃烧或重新注入。
苏丹的石油产量从 2001 年到 2010 年迅速增长,从每天 20 万桶增加到近 50 万桶,然后在 2012 年大幅下降。到 2023 年,产量下降到每天 6.99 万桶(图 2)。根据 [6],2023 年的原油产量为每天 5.7 万桶。这种资源的消耗量呈现稳定增长(图 2),2023 年达到每天 12.89 万桶的水平,而 2012 年为每天 10.66 万桶。

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2024) / www.eia.gov

图 2. 苏丹化石燃料的生产和消费情况(左为煤炭,中为天然气,右为石油)

2023 年,苏丹和南苏丹每天出口约 125,000 桶原油,主要进口国为阿拉伯联合酋长国和马来西亚 [11]。从历史上看,苏丹的水力发电在电力生产中占比很高(图 3)。2023 年,该国发电量约为 16.75 TWh,其中 68.7% 来自水力发电,29.8% 来自化石燃料,1.5% 来自其他可再生能源(图 5)。

                                                   Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2024) / www.eia.gov

                                    图 3. 苏丹的电力生产

近年来,水力发电的作用不断增加,而化石燃料的份额则大幅下降。图 4 显示了苏丹在能源指数图上的定位。
基于石油和天然气储量及其生产消费比的苏丹指数高于世界平均水平。然而,其他指数看起来不那么令人信服。

 Sources:
1. Crude oil proved reserves, 2021 / International Energy Statistic/Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021)*98
2. Natural gas proved reserves 2021 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *99
3. Total recoverable coal reserves 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *81
4. Combination production-consumption for Crude oil 2018 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *219
5. Combination production-consumption for Natural gas 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *123
6. Combination production-consumption for Coal 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *128
7. Electricity – from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *170
8. GDP per unit of energy use (PPP per unit of oil equivalent), 2020 *66
Primary energy consumption - BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021/BP;
GDP (purchasing power parity) - The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency
9. Energy use (primary energy use of oil equivalent per capita) 2020  *127
Primary energy consumption – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021
*66
10. The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report (EAPI) 2017 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum
11. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita), 2016 *217
Electricity Consumption - The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021

12. Combination of electricity production-consumption (kWh)/The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *216

* Total number of countries participating in ranking

图 4. 苏丹的能源指数
 

2020 年,苏丹每单位能源消耗的 GDP 高于世界平均水平,在 130 个国家中排名第52位,而人均能源消耗则低得多 ,在 135 个国家中排名第127位。就人均电力消耗而言,苏丹位居世界第 172位,但在电力生产-消费综合指标方面
,苏丹在 216 个国家的排名中排名第71位。

能源基础设施

苏丹的主要油田位于苏丹和南苏丹边界的穆格拉特盆地(区块 2、4、6 和 17)(图 5)。直到 2011 年,由于国内动乱,石油勘探主要在中部地区进行 [12]。

Figure 5. Basic Infrastructure facilities of the fossil fuel sector in Sudan (click on the map to view a PDF version)

苏丹的石油工业以该国中部和北部的五家工厂为代表。最大的炼油厂是位于首都北部的喀土穆,装机容量为 10 万桶/天(图 5)[13]。炼油行业的现代化项目涉及喀土穆和苏丹港两家工厂的扩建(图 7),两国之间持续的武装冲突使重建工作变得复杂。

Khartoum Refinery. Sudan


出口管道从苏丹南部延伸到北部,将两国的油田与位于苏丹港以南约 15 英里的巴沙耶尔海运码头连接起来。Petrodar 管道的容量为 50 万桶/天,从南苏丹的 3 号和 7 号区块运输石油,该管道将梅卢特盆地的油田与位于红海苏丹港的炼油厂和出口码头连接起来。大尼罗河输油管道输送能力为45万桶/天,从苏丹1号区块2号和4号区块以及南苏丹5号区块输送石油[12]。
苏丹有几座容量超过100兆瓦的大型石油发电厂,主要集中在该国北部和中部地区(图6)。

Figure 6. Basic Infrastructure facilities of the electricity and renewable energy in Sudan (click on the map to view a PDF version)

如前所述,苏丹的发电基础是水力发电,主要代表电站有罗塞雷斯水坝、麦洛维水坝和上阿特巴拉和塞提特水坝。罗塞雷斯水坝的装机容量为 1800 兆瓦,麦洛维水坝的装机容量明显较小,为1250 兆瓦,上阿特巴拉和塞提特水坝的装机容量为 320 兆瓦 [14,15,16]。苏丹还有其他水力发电厂的建设项目,其中最大的是谢雷克水电站和卡杰巴尔水电站,装机容量分别为 350 兆瓦和 360 兆瓦 [17,18]。苏丹拥有多家生物质和生物乙醇生产工厂。生物能源占苏丹可再生能源发电量的 1.0%(图 6)。

南北输电线路项目涉及从埃及经苏丹、南苏丹和其他非洲国家修建容量为 3,000 至 17,000 兆瓦的高压输电线路 [19]。然而,由于南苏丹分离后石油收入的损失,一些项目的资金仍存在疑问。苏丹大多数发电厂的运营商和最大的电力供应商是国家电力公司。
如前所述,全球水平太阳辐射水平每天可达到 6.8 千瓦时/平方米以上,风速水平超过8 米/秒,这是生产能源的良好资源 [7, 8]。然而,如前所述,这种资源尚未得到积极资本化。

教育与创新

以下有关教育和创新的数据对苏丹能源的未来发展具有显著的影响(图8)。

 Sources:
1. The Global Innovation Index 2021, Rankings / Knowledge / World Intellectual Property Organization / Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2021):
Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva *132
2. Patent Grants 2011-2020, resident & abroad / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *185
3.Patents in Force 2020 / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *109
4. QS World University Rankings 2022 *97
5. SCImago Country Rankings (1996-2020) / Country rankings / SCImago, (n.d.). SIR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. Retrieved 17 Nov 2021 *240
6. Internet users in 2018 / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229
7. Internet users in 2018 (% Population) / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229
8. Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), 2019 / United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.
License: CCBY-4.0 / Data as of September 2021*177
9. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 / UNESCO Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *119
10. Scientific and technical journal articles, 2018 / National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *197
  * Total number of countries participating in ranking


图 7. 苏丹的教育和创新指数
 

根据授予苏丹居民的国内外专利数量,该国排名世界第56 位。同样,根据有效专利数量,该国排名世界第 83位
,这在很大程度上表明了该国的专利吸引力。从专家在科技期刊上发表的出版物数量来看,该国排名靠前-在 196 个国家中排名第94 位。它在 Scimago 期刊和国家排名中也名列前茅(第100位)。
在政府教育支出占 GDP 的比例方面,该国结果为负数-在 169 个入选国家中排名第164 位。就政府研发支出占 GDP 的比例而言,该国排名世界第68 位。喀土穆大学、苏丹科技大学和石油能源勘探与生产有限公司正在从事非传统石油开采领域的研究,包括定向钻井和加氢裂化。苏丹科技大学正在开展生物能源和太阳能领域的研究和开发。在合成燃料开发领域
, 有蓝尼罗河大学。

生态环保

图9为环境指标图,数据显示,大部分指标处于红色区域,表明两国生态状况不佳,甲烷排放量和二氧化碳排放量较高,森林面积变化趋势不明显,就全球生态足迹而言,苏丹是欠债国。

 Sources:
1. CO2 total emission by countries 2020 / European Commission / Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)*208
2. CO2 per capita emission 2020/European Commission/Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) *208
3. Forest area 2020 (% of land area) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234
4. Forest area change 2010-2020 (1000 ha/year) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234
5. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 / Rankings / Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Yale University *180
6. Annual freshwater withdrawals (m3 per capita), 2017 *179
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion m3), 2017 – Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data. /License: CC BY-4.0; 
Population – United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019).
World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021
7. The National Footprint Accounts 2017 (Biocapacity Credit / Deficit) / Global Footprint Network *188
8. Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), 2018 / Data for up to 1990 are sourced from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Data from 1990 are CAIT data: Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Available at: License : Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)  *191
9. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022 / Overall Results / Jan Burck, Thea Uhlich, Christoph Bals, Niklas Höhne, Leonardo Nascimento /
Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network *60

  * Total number of countries participating in ranking

图8. 苏丹的环境指数
 

2024 年环境绩效指数排名 (EPI) 中相对较低的评价加剧了这种情况,该排名主要侧重于评估各国政府的环境绩效。在这一评级中,苏丹低于埃及,在 180 个成员国中排名第 131位,并呈现出积极趋势。根据环境脆弱性指数,该指数基于多年的观察和 50 项指标,其中包括例如变化的气候特征或水资源质量、废物量、石油泄漏和其他危险物质等。

Camels on the beach of the Nubian town, located in the northeast of Sudan. Envato Elements. YH2DPWMNCS

 

苏丹排名第 73 位,被描述为“脆弱”。

参考

[1] List of sovereign states and dependencies by area / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area
[2] List of countries and dependencies by population density / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density
[3] Sudan / The world factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / www.cia.gov
[4] GDP, PPP (current international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[5] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[6] Statistical Review of World Energy 2024 (PDF) / https://www.energyinst.org/
[7] Solar resource data obtained from the Global Solar Atlas, owned by the World Bank Group and provided by Solargis / Global Solar Atlas / globalsolaratlas.info
[8] Wind Map / Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: globalwindatlas.info
[9] World Energy Resources: 2013 Survey / 2013 / Publications / The World Energy Council / www.worldenergy.org
[10] World Bank What a Waste / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[11]
International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration / www.eia.gov/beta/international/
[12] Country Analysis Brief: Sudan and South Sudan/ U.S. Energy Information Administration (March 20, 2024) / www.eia.gov
[13] Sudan Oil And Gas Profile / African Oil and Gas Fields / A Barrel Full / abarrelfull.wikidot.com
[14] Roseires_Dam/ Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseires_Dam
[15] Merowe Dam/ Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merowe Dam
[16] Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex
[17] Shereyk Power Station / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shereyk_Power_Station
[18] Kajbar Power Station / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajbar_Power_Station
[19] Transmission-- North South Transmission Line Project / www.nepad.org/nepad-oncontinent/africa-power-vision-egypt



图表和曲线的来源在图片下方有说明。

有关苏丹能源行业的更多信息,请参见此处