Republic of Angola / República de Angola | ||
---|---|---|
Capital: Luanda | Density: 29/km2 | Currency: Kwanza (AOA) |
Official languages: Portuguese | Life expectancy at birth: 61.93 years | GDP (PPP): $294.960 billion (2023) |
National Day: 11 November | Area: 1,246,700 km2 | GDP - per capita (PPP): $8,040 (2023) |
Population: 36,684,203 (2023) | Coastline: 1,600 km | Internet country code: .ao |
Source: [1,2,3,4,5]
View from the top on Luanda city center. Envato Elements. SQNETXU4W8
该国海岸线总长度为 1 600 公里 [3]。根据 2023 年的统计数据,该国人口约为 3670 万 [2]。
对于大多数选定的指数,安哥拉要么没有代表,要么位于图表的底部(图 1)。
Sources: 1. GDP (purchasing power parity), 2020 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228 2. GDP - per capita (PPP), 2020 / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *229 3. Inflation rate (consumer prices), 2019 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228 4. Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$), 2020 / International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, and data files. / License: CC BY-4.0 *88 5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum *141 6. High-technology exports (current US$) 2019-2020 / United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform / License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *134 7. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom / International Economies / The Heritage Foundation *178 8. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold, 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *195 9. Annual average GDP growth in %, for the last 10 years (2011-2020) / World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files / License: CC BY-4.0 *206 10. Public debt (% of GDP), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency (from smallest to largest) *210 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 1. 安哥拉经济指数 |
1994 年至 2014 年间,安哥拉按购买力平价计算的 GDP 迅速增长,2014 年达到 2170.2 亿美元,2023 年达到 2949.6 亿美元 [3,4]。在这一指标上,安哥拉位居世界第66 位,落后于摩洛哥,但领先于科特迪瓦 [3]。根据按购买力平价计算的人均 GDP,安哥拉的指标较低——2023 年为 8,040 美元(第137 位)[3,5]。近年来,通货膨胀率急剧上升至近 13.6% [3]。安哥拉出口的基础是碳氢化合物。主要经济伙伴是中国和印度。
根据经济自由度指数(该指数以商业自由度、政府干预自由度、财产保护自由度和腐败自由度为基础),安哥拉在 184 个国家中排名第140 位,领先于阿尔及利亚等该地区的许多国家。《全球竞争力报告》的评级反映了该国利用自身资源实现可持续发展的有效性。除了一系列经济指标外,该指数还考虑了教育、健康、创新水平等变量。
该国的主要资源肯定是石油(表1)。以吨油当量计算,2024年安哥拉常规碳氢化合物的探明储量为:石油——77.5%,天然气——22.5%(图5)。
表1.安哥拉化石能源资源
Resource /Explanations | Crude oil* | Natural gas* | Coal | Shale Gas | Tight Oil | Oil Shale | Extra heavy oil |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 7.8(0.46%) | 13.5(0.19%) | - | - | - | - | - |
Unit | billion barrels | Tcf | - | - | - | - | - |
Year | 2021 | 2020 | - | - | - | - | - |
Source | [15] | [15] | - | - | - | - | - |
*括号中为该国储量占世界总储量的份额
根据 [17] 中提供的信息,截至 2021 年初,该国石油储量为 78 亿桶,天然气储量为 13.5 万亿立方英尺。根据 BP 的报告,已探明石油总储量为 78 亿桶 [6]。
安哥拉在可再生能源发展方面具有巨大潜力(表 2)。
表2.安哥拉可再生能源资源
Resource/ Explanations | Solar Potential (GHI)* | Wind Potential (50 м)* | Hydro energy Potential | Bio Potential (agricultural area) | Bio Potential (forest area) | Municipal Solid Waste |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 5.5 - 6.3 | 3.5 - 4.5 | 150 | 36.8 | 53.0 | 0.46 |
Unit | kWh/m2/day | m/s | TWh/year | % of land area | % of land area | kg/capita/day |
Year | 2020 | 2020 | 2008 | 2021 | 2021 | 2016 |
Source | [7] | [8] | [9] | [10] | [11] | [12] |
* 覆盖全国大部分领土
** 理论水电总潜力
由于地理位置优越,安哥拉在太阳能开发方面具有巨大潜力。最典型的全球水平辐照度为 5.5-6.3 千瓦/平方米/天 [7]。安哥拉大部分地区的风速为 3.5-4.5 米/秒 [8]。
该国的理论水电总潜力为 150TWh/年[9]。全国 53.0% 的土地被森林覆盖,约 36.8% 的土地被农业用地覆盖 [10,11]。该国南部利用海洋能和海浪能的潜力可达 10 千瓦/平方米 [13]。
ANGOLA, HUAMBO
Latitude: -12.81, Longitude: 15.76
Average daily sky coverage over 10 years of observations, %
CLR - clear, SCT - scattered from 1/8 TO 4/8, BKN - broken from 5/8 TO 7/8, OVC - overcast, OBS - obscured, POB - partial obscuration
Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of solar resources
ANGOLA, HUAMBO
Latitude: -12.81, Longitude: 15.76
Average speed: 3.89m/s, Operational share: 66%
Average daily wind speed for 10 years of observations, m/s, 10 m above the ground
Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of wind resources
安哥拉城市垃圾产生量为每人每天 0.46 公斤,到 2025 年可能达到0.7 公斤/人/天的水平[12]。
安哥拉是该地区继尼日利亚之后的第二大石油生产国 [14]。石油产量自 2001 年以来一直在增长,然后在 2009 年趋于稳定,2015 年为 182.8 万桶/天,但在 2022 年下降到 118.5 万桶 [15]。
这种资源的消耗量呈现稳定增长(图 2),2022 年达到 12.7 万桶/天的水平,而 2003 年为 5.1 万桶/天 [15]。据 [15] 报道,2022 年安哥拉的石油出口量为 110 万桶/天。
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2024) / https://www.eia.gov
图 2. 安哥拉化石燃料的生产和消费情况(煤炭 - 左,中间 - 天然气,石油 - 右)
2022 年国内天然气产量为 1947 亿立方英尺,与 2015 年的 273 亿立方英尺相比增长强劲 [15]。根据 [3],2022 年天然气产量为 55.14 亿立方米。自 2003 年以来,安哥拉的天然气消费量保持相对稳定;2022 年该国消费了 493.5 亿立方英尺 [15]。2022 年安哥拉出口了 1450 亿立方英尺的天然气,主要进口国是中国、印度和南巴基斯坦 [3]。
从历史上看,安哥拉的水力发电在电力生产中所占比例很高(图 3)。
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2024) / https://www.eia.gov/ | ||
图 3. 安哥拉的发电情况 |
2022 年,安哥拉发电量约为 16.94 吉瓦时,其中 74.6% 来自水力发电,25% 来自化石燃料,0.4% 来自其他可再生能源(图 5)。
安哥拉在能源指数比较图中的位置如图 4 所示。
如前所述,该国拥有传统化石资源的潜力,这为原油和天然气相关指数提供了高水平。
Sources: 1. Crude oil proved reserves, 2021 / International Energy Statistic/Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021)*98 2. Natural gas proved reserves 2021 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *99 3. Total recoverable coal reserves 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *81 4. Combination production-consumption for Crude oil 2018 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *219 5. Combination production-consumption for Natural gas 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *123 6. Combination production-consumption for Coal 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *128 7. Electricity – from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *170 8. GDP per unit of energy use (PPP per unit of oil equivalent), 2020 *66 Primary energy consumption - BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021/BP;GDP (purchasing power parity) - The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency 9. Energy use (primary energy use of oil equivalent per capita) 2020 *127 Primary energy consumption – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021*66 10. The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report (EAPI) 2017 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum 11. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita), 2016 *217 Electricity Consumption - The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021 12. Combination of electricity production-consumption (kWh)/The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *216 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 4. 安哥拉的能源指数 |
安哥拉主要的海上矿床位于其大陆的西北部。矿床分为几个区块,每个区块又分为三组:浅水区块 0-13(A 组);深水区块 14-30(B 组);超深水区块 31-40(C 组)。目前,刚果盆地下方的超深大陆架也正在进行勘探。在大陆,矿床集中在卡宾达地区 [16]。
该国主要矿业公司包括国家安哥拉国家石油公司(Sonangol)、雪佛龙的子公司、卡宾达海湾石油公司 (CABGOC)、埃克森美孚、道达尔和英国石油公司。此外,中国的中石化和中海油最近也进入了安哥拉市场 [11]。基础设施集中在矿床附近和沿海地区。安哥拉出口各种类型的石油,包括卡宾达原油,其含硫量约为 0.12%,密度为 32.5 API [17]。
FPSO tanker vessel near Oil Rig platform. Offshore oil and gas industry. Envato Elements. U8HRBM5W6V
主要的石油码头也集中在油田附近,距离首都不远。 目前,该国拥有一个大型液化天然气码头——安哥拉索约液化天然气码头,装机容量为 520 万吨/年 [18]。 现有 Sonangol 工厂——罗安达炼油厂的装机容量为 12 万桶/天 [19]。
图 5. 安哥拉化石燃料和电力部门的基本基础设施(点击地图查看 PDF 版本)
安哥拉依靠水力发电,因此该国以水力发电和混合型发电厂为主(图5)。最大和最新的水电站是Cambambe-2,有四台机组,每台175兆瓦[20]。水电站的主要运营商是Empresa de Producao de Electricidad和Empresa Nacional de Electricidade。至于天然气行业,值得注意的是Soyo联合循环发电厂,其发电量为750兆瓦[21]。
到2025年,国家能源发展战略的主要重点是将发电量提高6吉瓦,其中5吉瓦将通过水力发电[23]。还计划启用装机容量为2070兆瓦的Laúca水电站[22],并与纳米比亚在国家边境实施一些联合项目。尽管在水电方面投入了大量资金,但到 2017 年,只能激活该国总水电潜力的 30%;从长远来看,计划将水电容量提高到 9.9 吉瓦 [9]。
能源战略的另一个优先领域是通过将装机容量增加到 2.3 吉瓦,将天然气在不可再生能源发电中的份额提高到 50%。该领域的动态归功于安哥拉索约终端的液化天然气容量翻倍,以及卡宾达、罗安达、本格拉和纳米贝的一些联合循环发电厂转向天然气 [9]。
值得一提的是,安哥拉的电力基础设施在内战期间遭到严重破坏。该国政府在中国的财政支持下正在进行恢复工作,但该国只有 20% 的人口可以用电,到 2025 年,政府计划将这一数字提高到 60%。在这方面,家庭积极使用木质燃料和木炭。据联合国称,安哥拉的木炭消费量每年增长 3% [9]。该国还有一家由 Biocom 拥有的 Cacuso 生物乙醇工厂,该工厂在 2019 年生产了 20,000 立方米乙醇和 60 兆瓦电力 [24]。
如上所述,安哥拉拥有发展太阳能的优良环境条件;因此,作为 2025 年前国家能源战略的一部分,安哥拉还计划建造一批总容量为 78 兆瓦的太阳能发电厂。在风能领域,还计划实施一些项目,其中一个大型项目位于 Tombwa 地区,两个小型项目位于 Cuanza Norte 和 Lubango,从而到 2025 年实现总装机容量 100 兆瓦 [9]。
As noted above, Angola has excellent environmental conditions for the development of solar energy; therefore, as part of the national energy strategy until 2025, Angola also plans to build a number of solar power plants with a total capacity of 78 MW. In the field of wind energy it is also planned to implement a number of projects, one large in the Tombwa area and two small in Cuanza Norte and Lubango, thereby reaching a total installed capacity of 100 MW by 2025 [9].
Sources: 1. The Global Innovation Index 2021, Rankings / Knowledge / World Intellectual Property Organization / Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2021): Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva *132 2. Patent Grants 2011-2020, resident & abroad / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *185 3.Patents in Force 2020 / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *109 4. QS World University Rankings 2022 *97 5. SCImago Country Rankings (1996-2020) / Country rankings / SCImago, (n.d.). SIR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. Retrieved 17 Nov 2021 *240 6. Internet users in 2018 / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229 7. Internet users in 2018 (% Population) / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229 8. Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), 2019 / United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data as of September 2021*177 9. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 / UNESCO Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *119 10. Scientific and technical journal articles, 2018 / National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *197 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 6. 安哥拉的教育和创新指数 |
该国只有两个指数与全球平均指标相符,即互联网用户指数(第 51位)和 Scimago 期刊和国家排名,后者将该国在 240 个国家中排在全球第159 位。根据科学和技术期刊文章,安哥拉在 197 个国家中排名第
154 位。尽管安哥拉在 2021 年全球创新指数中排名倒数第 132位,但它重回这一排名(上次被列入该排名是在 2015 年)本身就是一个积极的信号。
根据授予安哥拉居民的国内外专利数量,该国在世界排名第 143位。按有效专利数量计算,安哥拉在 109 个国家中排名第
97 位,表明该国的创新条件不利。就政府用于研发的支出占 GDP 的比例而言,该国在世界排名第 114位。以政府教育支出占GDP的比例来看,该国在177个国家中排名 第145位。
图 7 显示了安哥拉的环境指标图。这些指标颇具争议。尽管在电力生产中积极利用水力资源,但人均二氧化碳
排放量仍然很高。同时,由于该国森林面积相对较大,因此森林面积呈现负面趋势。如上所述,木炭消费量不断增加,导致森林砍伐。安哥拉每年平均损失 10.6 万公顷森林和 370 公顷人工林 [9]。
Sources: 1. CO2 total emission by countries 2020 / European Commission / Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)*208 2. CO2 per capita emission 2020/European Commission/Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) *208 3. Forest area 2020 (% of land area) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234 4. Forest area change 2010-2020 (1000 ha/year) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234 5. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 / Rankings / Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Yale University *180 6. Annual freshwater withdrawals (m3 per capita), 2017 *179 Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion m3), 2017 – Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data. /License: CC BY-4.0; Population – United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021 7. The National Footprint Accounts 2017 (Biocapacity Credit / Deficit) / Global Footprint Network *188 8. Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), 2018 / Data for up to 1990 are sourced from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Data from 1990 are CAIT data: Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: License : Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) *191 9. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022 / Overall Results / Jan Burck, Thea Uhlich, Christoph Bals, Niklas Höhne, Leonardo Nascimento / Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network *60 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 7.安哥拉的环境指数 |
安哥拉的环境绩效指数(用于衡量国家环境政策的有效性)相当低(在 180 个成员国中排名第158 位);但是,环境脆弱性指数结果(在 234 个成员国中排名第20 位)和生态足迹图集结果在所选评级中最高。
Calandula Falls are waterfalls in the municipality of Calandula, Malanje Province, Angola. Envato Elements. USJ4F8E2KZ
[1] List of sovereign states and dependencies by area / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area
[2] List of countries and dependencies by population density / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density
[3] Angola / The world factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / https://www.cia.gov/
[4] GDP, PPP (current international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0/ Data/ The World Bank/ http://www.worldbank.org/
[5] GDP, PPP (current international $) per capita / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0/ Data/ The World Bank/ http://www.worldbank.org/
[6] BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 - 2022 (PDF)/ BP/ https://www.bp.com/
[7] Solar resource data obtained from the Global Solar Atlas, owned by the World Bank Group and provided by Solargis/ Global Solar Athlas/ http://globalsolaratlas.info/
[8] Wind Map/ Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: https://globalwindatlas.info
[9] 2010 Survey of Energy Resources (PDF)/ World Energy Council/ www.worldenergy.org/
[10] Agricultural land (% of land area)/ Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0/ Data/ The World Bank/ http://www.worldbank.org
[11] Forest area (% of land area)/Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0/ Data/ The World Bank/ http://www.worldbank.org/
[12] World Bank What a Waste/ Data/ The World Bank/ http://www.worldbank.org
[13] Wave power / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power
[14] Angola / Analysis / U.S. Energy Information Administration / March 29, 2023 / www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/AGO
[15] International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration / www.eia.gov/international
[16] Angola Oil and Gas Profile / A Barrel Full / http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/home
[17] Kabinda Crude / A Barrel Full / http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/home
[18] Angola Soyo LNG Terminal / A Barrel Full / http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/home
[19] Luanda Refinery / A Barrel Full / http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/home
[20] Cambambe Hydroelectric Power Station / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambambe_Hydroelectric_Power_Station
[21] Soyo I Thermal Power Station / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyo_I_Thermal_Power_Station
[22] Laúca Hydroelectric Power Station / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%BAca_Hydroelectric_Power_Station
[23] Rapid Assessment and Gap Analysis | ANGOLA / Sustainable Energy For All / www.se4all-africa.org/fileadmin/uploads/se4all/Documents/Country_RAGAs/Angola_RAGA_EN_Released.pdf
[24] Angola’s bioenergy company starts exporting ethanol to Europe / Macauhub / 6 May 2019 / macauhub.com.mo
图表和曲线的来源在图片下方注明。
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