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加蓬能源行业
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总体经济状况

加蓬,官方名称为加蓬共和国,首都为利伯维尔,位于中非,北部与赤道几内亚和喀麦隆接壤,南部和东部与刚果共和国接壤,西部濒临几内亚湾。
就面积而言,加蓬排名第 76 位,领先于该地区的许多国家,包括乌干达、塞内加尔和几内亚。然而,就人口密度而言,加蓬排在最后一位,排名第 182 位,平均人口密度为每平方公里 8 人[1,2]。该国海岸线总长度为 885 公里 [3]。
根据 2018 年的统计数据,该国人口约为 200 万 [3]。加蓬的行政地图分为 9 个省;官方语言为法语;政治形式为总统共和国 [3]。

Gabon / Gabonese Republic
Capital: LibrevilleDensity: 7.9/km2Currency: Central African CFA franc (XAF)
Official languages: FrenchLife expectancy at birth: 66.53 yearsGDP (PPP): $19.319 billion (2023 est.)
National Day: 17 AugustArea: 267,668 km2GDP - per capita (PPP): $8,831 (2023 est.)
Population: 2,397,368 (2023 est.)Coastline: 885 kmInternet country code: .ga

Source: [1,2,3,4,5]

加蓬的经济主要依赖石油出口,石油收入约占 GDP 的 45% [3]。由于人口较少且资源丰富,加蓬的人均 GDP 在非洲地区中相对较高。然而,在大多数选定的评级中,加蓬要么没有出现,要么位于图表底部(图 1)。

   Sources:
1. GDP (purchasing power parity), 2020 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228
2. GDP - per capita (PPP), 2020 / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *229
3. Inflation rate (consumer prices), 2019 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228
4. Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$), 2020 / International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, and data files. / License: CC BY-4.0 *88
5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum *141
6. High-technology exports (current US$) 2019-2020 / United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform / License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *134
7. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom / International Economies / The Heritage Foundation *178
8. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold, 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *195
9. Annual average GDP growth in %, for the last 10 years (2011-2020) / World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files / License: CC BY-4.0  *206
10. Public debt (% of GDP), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *210
  * Total number of countries participating in ranking

 
图 1. 加蓬的经济指标
 

2010 年至 2017 年间,加蓬按购买力平价计算的 GDP 快速增长,2017 年达到 366.6 亿美元 [3,4]。在这一指标上,加蓬位居世界第 123 位
[3]。按照人均购买力平价计算的 GDP,加蓬高于世界平均水平——2017 年为 18,100 美元 [3]。2017 年通货膨胀率为 2.7%,而 2016 年为 2.1% [3]。
根据以商业自由度、政府行为自由度、财产保护和腐败自由度为基础的经济自由度指数,加蓬在 2018 年的 180 个国家中排名第 109 位,领先于埃及。在外汇和黄金储备方面,加蓬在 176 个国家中排名第 132 位,领先于刚果共和国。根据过去 10 年平均 GDP 增长率指标,2017 年加蓬在 200 个国家中排名第94位。按照公共债务占 GDP 的百分比计算, 2017 年加蓬在 202 个国家中排名第 136位。

能源资源

该国的主要资源肯定是石油(表1)。以吨油当量计算,2017年加蓬常规碳氢化合物的探明储量为:石油——91.4%,天然气——8.6%(图5)。
根据[3]提供的信息,截至2018年初,该国石油储量为20亿桶,天然气储量为28.32万亿立方米。根据英国石油公司的报告,从1998年到2018年,已探明石油总储量从26亿桶下降到20亿桶[6]。 

表1.加蓬化石能源资源

Resource /ExplanationsCrude oil*Natural gas*CoalAssociated petroleum gasOil sands heavy oil
Value2(0.12%)0.9(0.01%)no datano datano data
Unitbillion barrelsTcf
Year20212020
Source[15][15]

*括号中为该国储量占世界总量的份额 加蓬

发展清洁能源生产的潜力相对较低(表 2)。
最典型的全球水平辐射水平较低,约为 4.6 千瓦/平方米/天,在该国北部和东部可达到 5.0 千瓦/平方米/天的水平 [7]。
加蓬大部分地区的风速不超过 4 米/秒 [8]。加蓬 90% 以上的土地被森林覆盖,20% 被农业用地覆盖 [9,10]。这是生物能源生产的非常丰富的资源。
该国的水电潜力估计为 6 000 兆瓦 [11]。该国南部利用海洋能和海浪能的潜力可达 10 千瓦/平方米 [12]。

表2. 加蓬可再生能源资源

Resource/
Explanations
Solar Potential
(GHI)*
Wind Potential
(50 м)*
Hydro energy
Potential**
Bio Potential
(agricultural area)
Bio Potential
(forest area)
Municipal Solid
Waste
Value<4.6<4.06 0008.491.30.45
UnitkWh/m2/daym/sMW% of land area% of land areakg/per capita/day
Year201820182013202120212012
Source[7][8][11][9][10][13]

*覆盖全国大部分领土
 

如果不提及城市垃圾(每人每天 0.45 公斤),对加蓬的能源评估就不完整,从环境和经济的角度来看,处理城市垃圾是最佳解决方案 [13]。然而,这些技术在该国的应用尚未得到必要的推广。

GABON, MOUILLA VILLE
Latitude: -1.85, Longitude: 11.06


Average daily sky coverage over 10 years of observations, %

CLR - clear, SCT - scattered from 1/8 TO 4/8, BKN - broken from 5/8 TO 7/8, OVC - overcast, OBS - obscured, POB - partial obscuration

Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information:
 Interactive map of solar resources

GABON, LEON M BA
Latitude: 0.46, Longitude: 9.41
Average speed: 3.00 m/s, Operational share: 59%

Average daily wind speed for 10 years of observations, m/s, 10 m above the ground

Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of wind resources  

能量平衡

加蓬是撒哈拉以南非洲五大产油国之一 [14]。自 2003 年以来,石油产量一直在下降,到 2022 年将达到 19.6 万桶/天 [15]。根据 [3] 的数据,2018 年的石油产量为 196 000 桶/天。
石油资源的消耗量保持稳定(图 2),到 2022 年将达到 1.59 万桶/天 [15]。据 [3] 报道,2015 年加蓬的石油出口量为 214 200 桶/天。加蓬石油的主要进口国是澳大利亚、马来西亚、韩国、新加坡和日本 [5]。
截至 2011 年,天然气的产量和消费量一直稳定在 30 亿立方英尺左右。然而,2014 年,天然气产量急剧上升至 190 亿立方英尺 [15]。 2022 年,这两项指标均达到了 160 亿立方英尺的水平 [15]。此外,80% 至 90% 的伴生石油气被重新注入油井以提高石油产量,或被燃烧掉 [14,16]。

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / www.eia.gov

图 2. 加蓬化石燃料的生产和消费情况(煤炭 - 左、天然气 - 中间、石油 - 右)
 

从历史上看,加蓬的水电在电力生产中占有很高的比例,但近年来大部分电力都是由化石能源生产的(图 3)。

                                      
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / www.eia.gov
 
 
图 3. 加蓬的发电量
 
 

2022 年,加蓬发电量约为 2.39 TWh,其中 58.1% 来自化石燃料,41.3% 来自水力发电,0.6% 来自其他可再生能源(图 5)。图 4 显示了加蓬在能源指数比较图中的位置。这些基于石油储量和出口机会的指数表明,加蓬相对于世界上大多数国家具有明显优势,尤其是在生产消费比方面。然而,天然气的类似指标看起来不那么令人信服。
 

 Sources:
1. Crude oil proved reserves, 2021 / International Energy Statistic/Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021)*98
2. Natural gas proved reserves 2021 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *99
3. Total recoverable coal reserves 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *81
4. Combination production-consumption for Crude oil 2018 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *219
5. Combination production-consumption for Natural gas 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *123
6. Combination production-consumption for Coal 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *128
7. Electricity – from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *170
8. GDP per unit of energy use (PPP per unit of oil equivalent), 2020 *66
Primary energy consumption - BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021/BP;
GDP (purchasing power parity) - The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency
9. Energy use (primary energy use of oil equivalent per capita) 2020  *127
Primary energy consumption – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021
*66
10. The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report (EAPI) 2017 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum
11. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita), 2016 *217
Electricity Consumption - The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021

12. Combination of electricity production-consumption (kWh)/The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *216

* Total number of countries participating in ranking

F图 4.加蓬的能源指数
 

单位能源消耗的国内生产总值低于世界平均水平——在 130 个国家中排名第 102 位,而人均能源消耗较高——在 135 个国家中排名第 44位
。就人均电力消耗而言,该国位居世界第 141位,但在电力生产-消费综合指标方面,加蓬在 216 个国家的排名中排名第 119位。

能源基础设施

图 5 显示了加蓬化石燃料部门最大基础设施项目分布的领土图。
如前所述,石油占化石资源能源潜力的 91.4%,天然气储量占 8.6%。主要油气田集中在该国西南部和沿海地区(图 5)。加蓬最大的油田是位于滨海奥果韦省的拉比库昂加油田,日产 15 万桶。输油管道长 1639 公里(图 5),将油田与装机容量为 21000 桶/天的索加拉炼油厂连接起来 [17,18]。
Map of energy infrastructure in Gabon
图 5. 加蓬化石燃料部门和电力的基本基础设施

最重要的石油储存设施位于矿床区、首都和该国东南部。主要石油码头位于 Port-Gentil 地区和该国西部。最大的 FPSO(浮式生产、储存和卸油)码头 Knock Allan Yinson 的装机容量为 35,000 桶/天 [19]。

Oil & gas operations, Gabon. Envato Elements.
JA7V85QKFG

石油和天然气业务,加蓬。Envato Elements。JA7V85QKFG有两个大型联合循环发电厂和一个容量超过 50 兆瓦的燃气发电厂(图 5)。领先的燃气发电厂是 Owendo 天然气发电厂,容量为 151 兆瓦,最大的联合循环发电厂是 Port Gentil(Mandji)联合发电厂,容量超过 105 兆瓦 [20,21]。2023年,该县水电总装机容量为 330.6 兆瓦 [22]。最大的水电站大普巴拉水坝水电站的发电量为 160 兆瓦 [23]。该国采取了能源发展战略——加蓬新兴战略计划,主要侧重于为全体人口提供电力,增加可再生能源(主要是水电)在发电中的份额,并实现能源多样化。计划将可再生能源在发电中的份额提高到 80% [24]。

教育与创新

图 6 显示了一组反映加蓬在教育和创新领域在其他国家中地位的指数。
加蓬在半数选定的指数中都有体现,其中只有一个指数的指标达到世界平均水平。根据加蓬居民在国内外获得的专利数量,该国排名世界第 122 位。加蓬
的指数基于科学和技术活动和国家对教育的支持,似乎更有说服力。在 Scimago 排名中,加蓬在 239 个参与国中排名第 134 位,在科学和期刊活动排名中,加蓬在 196 个国家中排名第 136位。

 
Sources:
1. The Global Innovation Index 2021, Rankings / Knowledge / World Intellectual Property Organization / Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2021):
Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva *132
2. Patent Grants 2011-2020, resident & abroad / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *185
3.Patents in Force 2020 / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *109
4. QS World University Rankings 2022 *97
5. SCImago Country Rankings (1996-2020) / Country rankings / SCImago, (n.d.). SIR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. Retrieved 17 Nov 2021 *240
6. Internet users in 2018 / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229
7. Internet users in 2018 (% Population) / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229
8. Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), 2019 / United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.
License: CCBY-4.0 / Data as of September 2021*177
9. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 / UNESCO Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *119
10. Scientific and technical journal articles, 2018 / National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *197
  * Total number of countries participating in ranking
 
 
图 6. 加蓬教育和创新指数
 
 

生态环境保护

图 7 显示了环境指标图。加蓬的生态状况并不理想。大多数指标位于图表的下部。

 
 Sources:
1. CO2 total emission by countries 2020 / European Commission / Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)*208
2. CO2 per capita emission 2020/European Commission/Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) *208
3. Forest area 2020 (% of land area) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234
4. Forest area change 2010-2020 (1000 ha/year) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234
5. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 / Rankings / Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Yale University *180
6. Annual freshwater withdrawals (m3 per capita), 2017 *179
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion m3), 2017 – Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data. /License: CC BY-4.0; 
Population – United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019).
World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021
7. The National Footprint Accounts 2017 (Biocapacity Credit / Deficit) / Global Footprint Network *188
8. Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), 2018 / Data for up to 1990 are sourced from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Data from 1990 are CAIT data: Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Available at: License : Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)  *191
9. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022 / Overall Results / Jan Burck, Thea Uhlich, Christoph Bals, Niklas Höhne, Leonardo Nascimento /
Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network *60

  * Total number of countries participating in ranking
 
 
图 7. 加蓬的环境指数
 
 

在许多指数中,加蓬不仅在该地区,而且在整个世界都取得了很高的成绩。根据森林面积占土地面积的百分比,加蓬位居世界领先地位 - 位居世界第四。与其变化相关的趋势看起来也非常积极。在这项评级中,该国在接受调查的 234 个国家中排名第六。根据气候变化绩效指数 (CCPI),加蓬不属于世界上 56 个占世界能源相关二氧化碳排放量 90% 以上的国家。该国的总体和人均二氧化碳排放量处于中等水平,甲烷排放量也相对较低。根据环境脆弱性指数,该指数基于多年的观察和 50 项指标,例如,气候特征或水资源质量的变化、废物量、石油泄漏和其他危险物质等。在这项评级中,加蓬在 234 个成员国中排名第12。根据生态足迹地图集的评级,加蓬属于环境债权国之一。
同时,加蓬在 2018 年环境绩效指数 (EPI) 中的评分相对较低,该指数主要侧重于评估各国政府的环境绩效。在这一评级中,加蓬在 180 个成员国中排名第 140 位,并呈现出积极趋势。

参考

[1] List of sovereign states and dependencies by area / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area
[2] List of countries and dependencies by population density / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density
[3] Gabon / The world factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / https://www.cia.gov/
[4] GDP, PPP (constant 2011 international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[5] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)/ World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[6] BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019 (PDF) / BP / https://www.bp.com/
[7] Solar resource data obtained from the Global Solar Atlas, owned by the World Bank Group and provided by Solargis / Global Solar Athlas / http://globalsolaratlas.info/
[8] Wind Map / Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: https://globalwindatlas.info
[9] Agricultural land (% of land area) / Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org
[10] Forest area (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[11] Gabon has hydroelectric potential of 6,000 MW / Esi Africa / https://www.esi-africa.com
[12] Wave Power / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_power
[13] World Bank What a Waste / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org
[14] Gabon / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (December 2016) / http://www.eia.gov/
[15] International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration  / http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/
[16] Gabon hopes to increase hydrocarbons production through new discoveries / Oxford Business Group / https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/
[17] Rabi Kounga Oil Field / African Oil and Gas Fields / A Barrel Full / http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/
[18] Gabon’s Sogara oil refinery restarts after 5-day outage / September 5, 2016 / Reuters / http://www.reuters.com/
[19] FPSO Allan / Yinson FPSO, FSO, MOPU / Yinson Production AS / http://www.yinson.com.my/
[20] La SEEG dope sa centrale d’Owendo / 10 December 2015 / Weblogy Group Ltd. / http://news.alibreville.com/
[21] 105 MW Port Gentil, Gabon / Telemenia / http://www.telemenia.com/
[22] Gabon / IRENA / http://resourceirena.irena.org/
[23] The Grand Poubara Dam will soon be in operation!" / 05/17/2013 / The Official Portal of the Gabonese Republic / http://www.en.legabon.org/
[24] Thanks to green growth, Gabon is at the forefront of a sustainable Africa / 01/12/2016 / Africa Times / http://africatimes.com

 

图表和曲线的来源在图片下方注明。

有关加蓬能源行业的更多信息,请参见此处