| Malta / Republic of Malta | ||
|---|---|---|
| Capital: Valletta | Density: 1700/km2 | Currency: Euro (€) (EUR) |
| Official languages: Maltese, English | Life expectancy at birth: 82.70 years | GDP (PPP): $34.965 billion (2023) |
| National Day: 21 September | Area: 315 km2 | GDP - per capita (PPP): $63,256 (2023) |
| Population: 535,065 (2023) | Coastline: 197 km | Internet country code: .mt |
Source: [1,2,3,4,5]
就人口密度而言，该国位居第八在 248 个国家中，马耳他是世界上人口最多的国家。马耳他是一院制议会共和国。总统的角色主要是礼仪性的。总理是政府首脑。[1,2,3]。
Valletta, Malta, Skyline, the dome of the Carmelite Church and the tower of St Paul`s. Envato Elements. N59KRSGPE4
相对于其他国家的排名位置已根据广泛的经济、能源、创新和教育指数以及反映环境状况的指标确定。经济指标包括人均 GDP、年平均 GDP 增长率、高科技出口等。能源指标清单包括石油、天然气和煤炭的已探明储量、生产消费比和能源使用量等。每个指数都有一个包含成员国的排名列表。由于每个指数中每个评级的国家数量不同，因此关注国家的位置会显示在一个特殊的图表上，其中纵轴是从 0 到 1 的统一相对刻度，而横轴表示各种指数和与下面给出的描述相关的相应数字。
因此，在这种相对的“0-1”图中，国家的位置用一个点标记，与其在原始评级列表中的位置成比例。如果该国在所选指标方面处于领先地位，它将在相关图表“0-1”的上方绿色区域标记为接近 1，如果该国在评级列表中处于外部，则它将被标记为图表“0-1”的下方红色区域，依此类推。所有国家都使用单一指数列表。如果某个国家不在任何指数的排名列表中，则不会显示图表上的相应位置。
| Sources: 1. GDP (purchasing power parity), 2020 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228 2. GDP - per capita (PPP), 2020 / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *229 3. Inflation rate (consumer prices), 2019 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228 4. Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$), 2020 / International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, and data files. / License: CC BY-4.0 *88 5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum *141 6. High-technology exports (current US$) 2019-2020 / United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform / License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *134 7. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom / International Economies / The Heritage Foundation *178 8. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold, 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *195 9. Annual average GDP growth in %, for the last 10 years (2011-2020) / World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files / License: CC BY-4.0*206 10. Public debt (% of GDP), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency(from smallest to largest) *210 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 1.马耳他的经济指数 |
对于图表中显示的大多数经济指标，马耳他都处于排名榜的中上水平。该国的人均 GDP（0.81）、经济自由度指数（0.80）和年平均 GDP 增长率（0.83）等方面的指数最高。该国经济指标中最薄弱的环节是外汇和黄金储备（0.29）和 GDP（0.34）。
马耳他没有化石能源资源储备 [6]，也没有重要的可再生能源资源。表 1 列出了此类资源的一些基本指标。
该国大部分地区的全球水平辐射水平不超过 5.0 kWh/m 2 /天 [7]。风能资源的分布如下：在该国大部分地区，风速不超过 5.0 米/秒 [8]，而在该国西北部，50 米高度的风速可达 6.5 米/秒。
表 1.马耳他的可再生能源资源
| Resource/ Explanations | Solar Potential (GHI)* | Wind Potential (50 м)* | Bio Potential (agricultural area) | Bio Potential (forest area) | Municipal Solid Waste |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | 5.0 | 4.5 - 5.5 | 27.3 | 1.4 | 606 |
| Unit | kWh/m2/day | m/s | % of land area | % of land area | kg per capita |
| Year | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | 2023 |
| Source | [7] | [8] | [9] | [10] | [11] |
*占该国大部分领土
2022 年，该国约有 27.3% 的土地被农业用地覆盖 [9]。这一面积正在减少，但该国的森林面积略有增加，2022 年森林面积覆盖了该国 1.4% 的土地 [10]。
2023 年，马耳他城市垃圾产生量为每人 606 公斤 [11]。这种资源是回收或生产能源的宝贵原料，该国的能源回收或生产技术已经达到了非常高的水平。
MALTA, LUQA
Latitude: 35.86, Longitude: 14.48
Average daily sky coverage over 10 years of observations, %
CLR - clear, SCT - scattered from 1/8 TO 4/8, BKN - broken from 5/8 TO 7/8, OVC - overcast, OBS - obscured, POB - partial obscuration
Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of solar resources
MALTA, LUQA
Latitude: 35.86, Longitude: 14.48
Average speed: 3.97 m/s, Operational share: 61%
Average daily wind speed for 10 years of observations, m/s, 10 m above the ground
Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of wind resources
根据 [6]，2023 年马耳他的一次能源总产量为 0.001 千万亿 Btu，而消费量为 0.129 千万亿 Btu。因此，国内生产在一次能源消费中的份额约为 0.8%。这使得马耳他成为一个依赖能源进口的国家。
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2024) / www.eia.gov
图 2. 马耳他化石燃料的生产和消费情况（煤炭 - 左，天然气 - 中间，石油 - 右）
马耳他天然气消费量从 2017 年到 2023 年逐渐增加，2023 年达到 15.70 亿立方英尺。该国原油消费量从 2001 年到 2023 年逐渐增加，每年略有波动，2023 年达到 49.53 万桶/天。该国煤炭消费量在过去 20 年中微不足道，波动剧烈，近两年一直稳定在零（图 2）。
马耳他电力产量在过去 10 年中略有增加，从 2015-2017 年的急剧下降中恢复过来（图 3）。根据美国能源信息署的数据，2023 年马耳他生产了 2.35 TWh 的电力，其中化石燃料占 86.4%，可再生能源占 11.6%（图 6）。
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2024) / www.eia.gov
图 3. 马耳他的电力生产
图4显示了马耳他在能源指数比较图中的位置。由于缺乏化石燃料储备，该国未出现在图表的四个指数中。
| Sources: 1. Crude oil proved reserves, 2021 / International Energy Statistic/Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021)*98 2. Natural gas proved reserves 2021 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *99 3. Total recoverable coal reserves 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *81 4. Combination production-consumption for Crude oil 2018 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *219 5. Combination production-consumption for Natural gas 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *123 6. Combination production-consumption for Coal 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *128 7. Electricity – from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *170 8. GDP per unit of energy use (PPP per unit of oil equivalent), 2020 *66 Primary energy consumption - BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021/BP;GDP (purchasing power parity) - The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency 9. Energy use (primary energy use of oil equivalent per capita) 2020 *127 Primary energy consumption – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021*66 10. The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report (EAPI) 2017 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum 11. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita), 2016 *217 Electricity Consumption - The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021 12. Combination of electricity production-consumption (kWh)/The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *216 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 4. 马耳他的能源指数 |
该国在其他可再生能源发电量（0.75）、单位能源消耗的国内生产总值（0.95）、能源消耗（人均石油当量一次能源消耗）（0.52）、电力消耗（人均千瓦时）（0.73）方面处于领先地位。就电力生产-消费组合而言，该国处于最低水平。
图 5 显示了马耳他最大基础设施项目分布的领土地图。根据美国能源信息署的数据，2023 年马耳他的一次能源生产占总能源消耗的 0.8% [6]。
图 5。马耳他能源行业的基本基础设施（点击地图查看 PDF 版本）
如前所述，马耳他没有化石燃料储备，石油产品由首屈一指的燃油和混合终端 Evos Malta 供应给该岛，装机容量为 586,000 立方米 [12]。液化天然气由船舶运送并泵送到浮式液化天然气 (FLNG) 上。FLNG 由 Armada LNG 的 Mediterrana 组成，它是前液化天然气运输船 Wakabu Maru 的改装版，由新加坡的 Armada 改装 [13]。再气化后，天然气通过管道供应给装机容量为 538 兆瓦的 Delimara 发电站，该发电站已从石油转化为天然气 [14]。Enemalta 维护并运营国家电网，该电网分配来自 Delimara 发电站、位于 Maghtaba 的马耳他-意大利互连终端站以及遍布全国的多个并网可再生能源的电力。根据美国能源信息署 2023 年的数据，马耳他生产了 2.35 TWh 的电力，其中化石燃料占 86.4%，可再生能源占 13.6%（图 5）。如上一节所述，该国部分地区的全球水平辐射水平可达 5 kWh/m 2，这对于能源生产来说是足够的资源 [6]。因此，该地区已经建立了许多太阳能设施，包括 3 个运行中的光伏电站，容量至少为 1 MW。其中最大的是 Mgabba 和 Quarry HM29，每个装机容量为 5.2 MW [15,16]。太阳能还用于住宅和商业建筑的供暖系统。垃圾焚烧发电项目选址位于 Wasteserv 位于 Magħtab 的垃圾处理设施内。除了垃圾焚烧，该设施预计还将满足马耳他约 4.5% 的总能源需求 [17]。根据马耳他 2021-2030 年国家能源和气候计划，到 2030 年，该国可再生能源在最终能源消费总量中的占比将达到 11.5%。除了加大对成熟技术和能源（如太阳能光伏系统、可再生热水技术、生物燃料、热泵和生物垃圾能源）的关注外，马耳他还致力于支持对海上风电和太阳能发电厂的投资 [18]。
| Sources: 1. The Global Innovation Index 2021, Rankings / Knowledge / World Intellectual Property Organization / Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2021): Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva *132 2. Patent Grants 2011-2020, resident & abroad / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *185 3.Patents in Force 2020 / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *109 4. QS World University Rankings 2022 *97 5. SCImago Country Rankings (1996-2020) / Country rankings / SCImago, (n.d.). SIR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. Retrieved 17 Nov 2021 *240 6. Internet users in 2018 / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229 7. Internet users in 2018 (% Population) / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229 8. Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), 2019 / United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data as of September 2021*177 9. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 / UNESCO Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *119 10. Scientific and technical journal articles, 2018 / National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *197 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 6. 马耳他的教育和创新指数 |
在与教育和创新相关的各种国际排名中，描述该国地位的大多数指数都高于平均水平。该国排名最低的是有效专利（0.20）、QS 世界大学排名（0.04）和 互联网用户（0.30） 。马耳他在互联网用户（占人口的百分比）（0.76）、政府教育支出（0.86）和研发支出（0.58）方面排名最高。
| Sources: 1. CO2 total emission by countries 2020 / European Commission / Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)*208 2. CO2 per capita emission 2020/European Commission/Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) *208 3. Forest area 2020 (% of land area) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234 4. Forest area change 2010-2020 (1000 ha/year) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234 5. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 / Rankings / Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Yale University *180 6. Annual freshwater withdrawals (m3 per capita), 2017 *179 Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion m3), 2017 – Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data. /License: CC BY-4.0; Population – United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021 7. The National Footprint Accounts 2017 (Biocapacity Credit / Deficit) / Global Footprint Network *188 8. Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), 2018 / Data for up to 1990 are sourced from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Data from 1990 are CAIT data: Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: License : Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) *191 9. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022 / Overall Results / Jan Burck, Thea Uhlich, Christoph Bals, Niklas Höhne, Leonardo Nascimento / Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network *60 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 7. 马耳他的环境指数 |
描述该国生态和环境保护的大多数指数都高于平均水平。然而，值得注意的是森林面积指数（0.10）、森林面积变化（0.44）和国家生态足迹账户（0.09）的低值。
Grand Harbour, Malta. Envato Elements. BYLXR9JQ8V
[1] List of sovereign states and dependencies by area / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area
[2] List of countries and dependencies by population density / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density
[3] Malta / The world factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / www.cia.gov
[4] GDP, PPP (current international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[5] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[6] Malta / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration / www.eia.gov/beta/international/
[7] Solar resource data obtained from the Global Solar Atlas, owned by the World Bank Group and provided by Solargis / Global Solar Atlas / globalsolaratlas.info
[8] Wind Map / Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: globalwindatlas.info
[9] Agricultural land (% of land area) / Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[10] Forest area (% of land area) / Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[11] Municipal waste statistics Updated / Full list / Statistics Explained / Eurostat / https://ec.europa.eu/
[12] Evos Malta / Evos group / https://www.evos.eu/malta/
[13] LNG terminal, Floating Storage Unit / ElectroGas Malta / https://www.electrogas.com.mt/about-lng-supply/
[14] Delimara_power_station / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimara_Power_Station
[15] Mgabba PV / Bajada New Energy / https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk_Twinerg
[16] QUARRY HM29 / Environment and Resources Authority Malta / https://era.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/PA-10589-17-PDS.pdf
[17] Waste to Energy Facility in Malta / Environment and Resources Authority Malta / https://era.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/W2E_report_Online.pdf
[18] Malta's 2030 National Energy and Climate Plan / The Energy & Water Agency / https://www.h2stations.org/stations-map/?lat=49.139384&lng=11.190114&zoom=2
图表和曲线的来源在图片下方注明。
有关马耳他能源行业的更多信息，请参见此处
