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斯洛伐克的能源产业
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总体经济状况

斯洛伐克共和国位于欧洲中部,与奥地利、捷克共和国、波兰、乌克兰和匈牙利接壤。斯洛伐克是一个内陆国家。该国人口约 550 万,人口密度为 110/km2 。斯洛伐克是一个议会制共和国。该国于 1993 年捷克和斯洛伐克联邦共和国分裂后独立。斯洛伐克首都是布拉迪斯拉发,约有 45 万居民。

Slovakia / the Slovak Republic
Capital: BratislavaDensity: 110/km2Currency: (€) (EUR)
Official languages:  SlovakLife expectancy at birth: 77.07 yearsGDP (PPP): $242.305 billion (2023)
National Day: 01 JanuaryArea: 49,035 km2GDP - per capita (PPP): $44,650 (2023)
Population: 5,422,194 (2023)Coastline: 0 kmInternet country code: .sk

Source: [1,2,3,4,5]

斯洛伐克相对于其他国家的评级排名是根据一系列经济、能源、创新和教育指数以及反映环境状况的指标确定的。经济指标包括人均 GDP、年均 GDP 增长率、高科技出口等。能源指标包括已探明的石油、天然气和煤炭储量、生产消费比和能源使用量等。每个指标都有一个包含成员国的排名列表。由于每个指数中每个评级的国家数量不同,因此将在一个特殊的图表上显示所关注国家的排名,其中纵轴是从 0 到 1 的统一相对刻度,而横轴表示各种指标和与下方描述相关的相应数字。

Aerial view of Bratislavsky Hrad. Envato Elements. ZQ5Y4PHT8W


因此,在这种相对的“0-1”图中,该国的位置用一个点标记,与其在原始评级列表中的位置成比例。 如果该国在所选指标方面处于领先地位,则将在相关图表“0-1”的上方绿色区域中标记为接近 1,如果该国在评级列表中处于局外人,则将在图表“0-1”的下方红色区域中标记为 1,依此类推。

斯洛伐克在经济指数列表中的排名位置:

   Sources:
1. GDP (purchasing power parity), 2020 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228
2. GDP - per capita (PPP), 2020 / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *229
3. Inflation rate (consumer prices), 2019 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228
4. Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$), 2020 / International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, and data files. / License: CC BY-4.0 *88
5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum *141
6. High-technology exports (current US$) 2019-2020 / United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform / License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *134
7. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom / International Economies / The Heritage Foundation *178
8. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold, 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *195
9. Annual average GDP growth in %, for the last 10 years (2011-2020) / World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files / License: CC BY-4.0  *206
10. Public debt (% of GDP), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency (from smallest to largest) *210
  * Total number of countries participating in ranking


图 1. 斯洛伐克经济指数
 

对于图表中显示的大多数指标,斯洛伐克都处于排名的中间位置。斯洛伐克经济指标中相对薄弱的方面是通货膨胀率、年平均 GDP 增长率、知识产权使用费,该国在这些指标中排名略低于中间水平。斯洛伐克的人均 GDP 和高科技出口指数在所列指标中表现最佳。

能源资源

斯洛伐克没有大量的化石燃料储量。例如,斯洛伐克煤炭储量占世界储量的 0.013%,天然气占 0.007%,石油储量甚至更少 [6]。以吨油当量计算,根据 2024 年的数据,按燃料类型划分的常规探明储量为:煤炭占 48.8%,天然气占 46.7%,石油占 4.5%(图 5)。

  表1. 斯洛伐克化石能源资源

Resource /ExplanationsCrude oilNatural gasCoalShale GasTight OilCoalmine methane
Value0.0090.521---
Unitbillion barrelsTcfmillion short tons---
Year202120212023---
Source[6][6][6]---

斯洛伐克的太阳能资源潜力也相对较低。该国大部分地区的 GHI 为 3.0-3.3 kWh/m 2 /天,这意味着太阳能发电效率并不高。风能资源的情况看起来更为乐观。在该国中部,有些地区的 50 米/秒高度的风速超过 6 米/秒,非常适合工业风力发电场的选址。

 表2.斯洛伐克可再生能源资源

Resource/
Explanations
Solar Potential
(GHI)*
Wind Potential
(50 м)*
Bio Potential
(agricultural area)
Bio Potential
(forest area)
Municipal Solid
Waste
Value3.0-3.3<5.038.640.1478
UnitkWh/m2/daym/s% of land area% of land areakg per capita
Year20202020202120212022
Source[7][8][9][10][11]

*占该国大部分领土

以下是斯洛伐克中部波普拉德附近泰尔加特的风速分布图,基于美国商务部国家海洋和大气管理局多年的观测。

SLOVAKIA, DUDINCE
Latitude: 48.17, Longitude: 18.87  

Average daily sky coverage over 10 years of observations, %

CLR - clear, SCT - scattered from 1/8 TO 4/8, BKN - broken from 5/8 TO 7/8, OVC - overcast, OBS - obscured, POB - partial obscuration

Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information:
 Interactive map of solar resources


SLOVAKIA, TELGART
Latitude: 48.85, Longitude: 20.18
Average speed: 3.91 m/s, Operational share: 63%

Average daily wind speed for 10 years of observations, m/s


Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information:
 Interactive map of wind resources

 

该国约80%的国土被农业和森林覆盖,这些地区的工业废弃物可为各类生物能源行业的发展提供充足的资源基础。 

能量平衡

根据 [6],2022 年斯洛伐克一次能源总产量为 0.238 千万亿 Btu,而消费量为 0.514 千万亿 Btu。国内生产占一次能源消费的 46.3%。因此,斯洛伐克是一个严重依赖能源进口的国家。一次能源消费以核能和可再生能源为主——38.9%,其次是石油——24.6%,天然气——20.4%,煤炭——13.4%。

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2024) / www.eia.gov

图 2. 斯洛伐克化石燃料的生产和消费情况(煤炭 - 左、天然气 - 中间、石油 - 右)

在过去的二十年里,斯洛伐克的天然气和煤炭消费量大幅下降,而石油消费量略有增加。与此同时,石油和天然气的消费量多次超过国内产量。
过去 10 年,斯洛伐克发电量为 25 至 26 TWh,其中约 60% 由核电提供。除水电外,可再生能源发电的份额一直在增​​长,但仍然很小。同时,这一部分以生物质和废物发电为主,占 71%。 

                                    
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2024) / www.eia.gov
 
                                       
图 3. 斯洛伐克的电力生产
 

近年来,斯洛伐克的电力供应主要依靠国内发电。

斯洛伐克的能源指数如下图所示:

 Sources:
1. Crude oil proved reserves, 2021 / International Energy Statistic/Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021)*98
2. Natural gas proved reserves 2021 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *99
3. Total recoverable coal reserves 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *81
4. Combination production-consumption for Crude oil 2018 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *219
5. Combination production-consumption for Natural gas 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *123
6. Combination production-consumption for Coal 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *128
7. Electricity – from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *170
8. GDP per unit of energy use (PPP per unit of oil equivalent), 2020 *66
Primary energy consumption - BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021/BP;
GDP (purchasing power parity) - The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency
9. Energy use (primary energy use of oil equivalent per capita) 2020  *127
Primary energy consumption – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021
*66
10. The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report (EAPI) 2017 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum
11. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita), 2016 *217
Electricity Consumption - The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021

12. Combination of electricity production-consumption (kWh)/The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *216

* Total number of countries participating in ranking

图 4. 斯洛伐克的能源指数
 

斯洛伐克有限的化石资源在能源指数图表中得到了明确体现,该国在化石燃料相关指数中位于图表底部。就全球能源结构绩效指数、能源使用和电力消耗等指数而言,斯洛伐克处于领先地位。斯洛伐克在电力生产-消费组合指数中排名不佳,但在过去三年中,由于总电力消耗减少和可再生能源发电增加,情况有所改善。

能源基础设施

斯洛伐克的石油和天然气基础设施包括该国西部的几个小油田,以及从东部乌克兰边境延伸到西部边境的石油和天然气主管道。天然气管道分支到奥地利和捷克共和国,石油管道分支到炼油厂 Slovnaft 和捷克共和国。斯洛伐克境内还有几个天然气储存设施、几条区域和天然气分配管道以及一个石油储存网络。唯一的大型炼油厂 Slovnaft 位于布拉迪斯拉发,产能为 110,000 桶/天 [12,13]。
Map of oil and gas infrastructure in Slovakia
图 5. 斯洛伐克化石燃料部门的基本基础设施(点击地图查看 PDF 版本)


如上所述,斯洛伐克的电力主要由位于该国西部的核电站提供。 Bohunice 核电站的启动总容量为 1010 兆瓦,Mochovce 核电站的启动总容量为 940 兆瓦(前两个机组)。 Mochovce 电厂的第三台机组于 2022 年底投入试运行 [14]。

Beautiful shot of a Nuclear power station in Mochovce, Slovakia. Envato Elements. 8RJ5SFCV4E


此外,斯洛伐克还有几座水电站,其中最大的是多瑙河上的 Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros 水坝,容量为 720 兆瓦,以及一些抽水蓄能电站。 除此之外
,该国的发电由几座天然气和燃煤发电厂提供。
国家电网由容量为 400 KV 的线路代表

Map of power plants in Slovakia
图 6. 斯洛伐克的电力生产情况(点击地图查看 PDF 版本)

斯洛伐克的可再生能源产业主要由大量中型生物能源公司代表。通过燃烧生物质、颗粒和沼气生产电力发展势头强劲。此外,还有几家公司使用更现代的技术——生物甲烷生产、生物质气化、第二代生物乙醇生产。斯洛伐克丰富的森林资源以及大片农业区为生物能源提供了良好的资源基础 [15,16]。
Map of Renewable energy infrastructure in Slovakia
图 7. 斯洛伐克的可再生能源(点击地图查看 PDF 版本)


近年来,斯洛伐克南部建造了大量太阳能发电厂,但太阳能发电量仍然微不足道。显然,尽管存在风速较高的地区,但斯洛伐克的风力发电尚未得到适当开发。2019年 12 月,斯洛伐克政府通过了斯洛伐克国家能源和气候计划。该文件计划 2030 年可再生能源占比达到 19.2%,低于欧盟 2030 年 32% 的目标。到同年,斯洛伐克交通运输可再生能源占比预计达到 14%。预计该计划的开发投资约为 33 亿欧元 [17]。   

教育与创新

下图显示了斯洛伐克在教育和创新方面的地位:

 
Sources:
1. The Global Innovation Index 2021, Rankings / Knowledge / World Intellectual Property Organization / Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2021):
Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva *132
2. Patent Grants 2011-2020, resident & abroad / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *185
3.Patents in Force 2020 / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *109
4. QS World University Rankings 2022 *97
5. SCImago Country Rankings (1996-2020) / Country rankings / SCImago, (n.d.). SIR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. Retrieved 17 Nov 2021 *240
6. Internet users in 2018 / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229
7. Internet users in 2018 (% Population) / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229
8. Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), 2019 / United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.
License: CCBY-4.0 / Data as of September 2021*177
9. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 / UNESCO Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *119
10. Scientific and technical journal articles, 2018 / National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *197
  * Total number of countries participating in ranking
 
 
图8.斯洛伐克教育与创新指数
 

斯洛伐克在教育和创新领域没有表现出极端性——几乎所有指数都位于图表的中间部分。其中,斯洛伐克最好的指标是 SCImago 国家排名、互联网用户和科学技术期刊文章,最差的是森林面积变化和政府教育支出(占 GDP 的百分比)。

生态环保

环境问题相关指标如下图所示:

 Sources:
1. CO2 total emission by countries 2020 / European Commission / Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)*208
2. CO2 per capita emission 2020/European Commission/Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) *208
3. Forest area 2020 (% of land area) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234
4. Forest area change 2010-2020 (1000 ha/year) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234
5. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 / Rankings / Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Yale University *180
6. Annual freshwater withdrawals (m3 per capita), 2017 *179
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion m3), 2017 – Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data. /License: CC BY-4.0; 
Population – United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019).
World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021
7. The National Footprint Accounts 2017 (Biocapacity Credit / Deficit) / Global Footprint Network *188
8. Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), 2018 / Data for up to 1990 are sourced from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Data from 1990 are CAIT data: Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Available at: License : Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)  *191
9. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022 / Overall Results / Jan Burck, Thea Uhlich, Christoph Bals, Niklas Höhne, Leonardo Nascimento /
Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network *60

  * Total number of countries participating in ranking
 
 
图 8. 斯洛伐克的环境指数
 

根据上图,尽管大多数环境指数低于全球平均水平,但斯洛伐克的总体环境状况并不危急。特别是,该国在森林面积变化、甲烷排放量,尤其是 2020 年环境绩效指数 (EPI) 的排名中名列前茅。另一方面,对于人均二氧化碳排放量、年度淡水取用量、国家足迹核算等指标,斯洛伐克在排名中的位置明显低于平均水平。

Vista from Slovakia fortress Stara Lubovna Castle in High Tatras, Slovak Republik. Envato Elements. 9CEU2RQXJF

参考

[1] List of sovereign states and dependencies by area / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area
[2] List of countries and dependencies by population density / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density
[3] Slovakia / The world factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / www.cia.gov
[4] GDP, PPP (current international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[5] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[6] Slovakia / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration / www.eia.gov/beta/international/
[7] Solar resource data obtained from the Global Solar Atlas, owned by the World Bank Group and provided by Solargis / Global Solar Atlas / globalsolaratlas.info
[8] Wind Map / Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: globalwindatlas.info
[9] Agricultural land (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[10] Forest area (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[11] Municipal waste statistics Updated / Full list / Statistics Explained / Eurostat / https://ec.europa.eu/
[12] theodora.com/pipelines/index.html
[13] abarrelfull.wikidot.com
[14] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_stations_in_Slovakia
[15] www.s2biom.eu/images/Publications/WP8_Country_Outlook/Final_Roadmaps_March/S2Biom-SLOVAKIA-biomass-potential-and-policies.pdf
[16] www.fao.org/uploads/media/biomass_maps_databases.pdf
[17] www.iea.org/policies/7963-slovak-national-energy-and-climate-plan


图表和曲线的来源在图片下方注明。

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