Luxembourg / Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | ||
---|---|---|
Capital: Luxembourg | Density: 253/km2 | Currency: Euro (€) (EUR) |
Official languages: Luxembourgish | Life expectancy at birth: 83.05 years | GDP (PPP): $92.704 billion (2023) |
National Day: 23 June | Area: 2,586 km2 | GDP - per capita (PPP): $139,106 (2023) |
Population: 654,768 (2023) | Coastline: 0 km | Internet country code: .lu |
Source: [1,2,3,4,5]
就人口密度而言,该国位列第155 位在 248 个国家中,卢森堡是世界上第一个大公国。卢森堡是君主立宪制的议会民主制国家,是世界上唯一的大公国 [1,2,3]。
Luxembourg. Old Bridge - Passerelle Bridge Or Luxembourg Viaduct In Luxembourg. Envato Elements. XTJYAVHK9S
卢森堡相对于其他国家的排名位置已根据一系列经济、能源、创新和教育指数以及反映环境状况的指标确定。经济指标包括人均 GDP、年平均 GDP 增长率、高科技出口等。能源指标清单包括石油、天然气和煤炭的已探明储量、生产消费比和能源使用量等。每个指数都有一个包含成员国的排名列表。由于每个指数中每个评级的国家数量不同,因此,所关注国家的位置会显示在一个特殊的图表上,其中纵轴是从 0 到 1 的统一相对刻度,而横轴表示各种指数以及与下面给出的描述相关的相应数字。
因此,在这种相对的“0-1”图中,国家的位置用一个点标记,与其在原始评级列表中的位置成比例。如果该国在所选指标方面处于领先地位,它将在相关图表“0-1”的上方绿色区域标记为接近 1,如果该国在评级列表中处于外部,则它将被标记为图表“0-1”的下方红色区域,依此类推。所有国家都使用单一指数列表。如果某个国家不在任何指数的排名列表中,则不会显示图表上的相应位置。
Sources: 1. GDP (purchasing power parity), 2020 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228 2. GDP - per capita (PPP), 2020 / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *229 3. Inflation rate (consumer prices), 2019 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228 4. Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$), 2020 / International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, and data files. / License: CC BY-4.0 *88 5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum *141 6. High-technology exports (current US$) 2019-2020 / United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform / License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *134 7. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom / International Economies / The Heritage Foundation *178 8. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold, 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *195 9. Annual average GDP growth in %, for the last 10 years (2011-2020) / World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files / License: CC BY-4.0*206 10. Public debt (% of GDP), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency(from smallest to largest) *210 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 1.卢森堡的经济指数 |
对于图表中显示的大多数经济指标,卢森堡都处于排名榜的中上水平。该国的人均 GDP(0.99)、经济自由度指数(0.90)和公共债务(0.87)指数在图表中表现最佳。该国经济指标中最薄弱的环节是外汇和黄金储备(0.30)以及年均 GDP 增长率(0.53)。总体而言,卢森堡是一个财政稳定的国家,经济体系相对强劲。
卢森堡几乎没有化石能源储备 [6],也没有大量的可再生能源资源。表 1 列出了此类资源的一些基本指标。
该国大部分地区的全球水平辐射水平不超过 3.0 kWh/m 2 /天 [7]。风力资源的分布如下:在该国大部分地区,风速不超过 5.4 米/秒 [8],而在该国西北部,50 米高度的风速可达 6.5 米/秒。
表 1.卢森堡的可再生能源资源
Resource/ Explanations | Solar Potential (GHI)* | Wind Potential (50 м)* | Bio Potential (agricultural area) | Bio Potential (forest area) | Municipal Solid Waste |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 2.7 - 3.0 | 4.8 - 5.4 | 51.5 | 34.5 | 712 |
Unit | kWh/m2/day | m/s | % of land area | % of land area | kg per capita |
Year | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 | 2023 |
Source | [7] | [8] | [9] | [10] | [11] |
*占该国大部分领土
2022 年,卢森堡约有 51.5% 的国土被农业用地覆盖 [9]。这一面积正在减少,但该国的森林面积略有增加,2022 年森林覆盖了该国 34.5% 的国土 [10]。
2023 年,卢森堡的城市垃圾产生量为每人 712 公斤,高于德国(每人 615 公斤)[11]。这种资源是回收或生产能源的宝贵原料,该国的能源技术已经达到了非常高的水平。
LUXEMBOURG, LUXEMBOURG
Latitude: 49.63, Longitude: 6.21
Average daily sky coverage over 10 years of observations, %
CLR - clear, SCT - scattered from 1/8 TO 4/8, BKN - broken from 5/8 TO 7/8, OVC - overcast, OBS - obscured, POB - partial obscuration
Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of solar resources
LUXEMBOURG, LUXEMBOURG
Latitude: 49.63, Longitude: 6.21
Average speed: 3.37 m/s, Operational share: 59%
Average daily wind speed for 10 years of observations, m/s, 10 m above the ground
Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of wind resources
根据 [6],2023 年卢森堡的一次能源总产量为 0.005 千万亿英热单位,而消费量为 0.15 千万亿英热单位。因此,国内生产在一次能源消费中所占比例约为 3.3%。这使得卢森堡成为一个依赖能源进口的国家。
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2024) / www.eia.gov
图 2。卢森堡化石燃料的生产和消费情况(煤炭——左,天然气——中间,石油——右)
卢森堡的天然气消费量从 2001 年到 2023 年逐渐下降,年度波动很小,2023 年为 196.6 亿立方英尺。该国的原油消费量在 2003 年至 2023 年间大幅下降,2023 年达到 50.55 万桶/天。该国的煤炭消费量从 2006 年到 2023 年急剧下降,2023 年为 35.02 万短吨(图 2)。
在过去 10 年里,卢森堡将其电力生产减少了近一半,化石燃料的使用量显着减少,可再生能源的比例增加(图 3)。根据美国能源信息署 2023 年的数据,卢森堡生产了 1.19 TWh 的电力,其中可再生能源占 85%,水电占 7.9%,化石燃料占 7.1%(图 6)。
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Sep 2024) / www.eia.gov
图 3. 卢森堡的电力生产
图4显示了卢森堡在能源指数比较图中的位置。由于缺乏大量的化石资源储备,该国未出现在图表的前三个指数中。
Sources: 1. Crude oil proved reserves, 2021 / International Energy Statistic/Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021)*98 2. Natural gas proved reserves 2021 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *99 3. Total recoverable coal reserves 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *81 4. Combination production-consumption for Crude oil 2018 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *219 5. Combination production-consumption for Natural gas 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *123 6. Combination production-consumption for Coal 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *128 7. Electricity – from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *170 8. GDP per unit of energy use (PPP per unit of oil equivalent), 2020 *66 Primary energy consumption - BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021/BP;GDP (purchasing power parity) - The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency 9. Energy use (primary energy use of oil equivalent per capita) 2020 *127 Primary energy consumption – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021*66 10. The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report (EAPI) 2017 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum 11. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita), 2016 *217 Electricity Consumption - The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021 12. Combination of electricity production-consumption (kWh)/The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *216 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 4.卢森堡的能源指数 |
卢森堡的煤炭生产-消费综合指数略高于中等水平(0.63)。该国在其他可再生能源发电量(0.99)、单位能源消耗的国内生产总值(0.88)、能源消耗(人均石油当量一次能源消耗)(0.91)、电力消耗(人均千瓦时)(0.82)和全球能源结构绩效指数(0.95)方面处于领先地位。就电力生产-消费综合指数而言,该国处于最低水平。
图 5 显示了卢森堡化石燃料行业最大基础设施项目分布的领土地图——化石燃料的储存和运输。根据美国能源信息署的数据,2023 年卢森堡的一次能源生产占总能源消耗的 3.33%。石油通过铁路和管道运输运往卢森堡(图 5)。
图 5. 卢森堡化石燃料行业的基本基础设施(点击地图查看 PDF 版本)
石油产品的运输通过长达 36 公里的管道进行。卢森堡天然气系统包括 279 公里的输电系统网络和约 1 925 公里的配电系统网络(图 5)。图 6 显示了瑞士最大的发电基础设施的领土分布图。根据美国能源信息署的数据, 2023 年卢森堡电力生产中水力发电的份额为 7.9%,其中既有抽水蓄能电站,也有大型和小型水电站(图 6)。主要抽水蓄能综合体是维安登,装机容量为 1,269 兆瓦 [12]。最大的水力发电厂是 Esch-sur-Sûre 大坝,装机容量为 13.62 兆瓦 [13]。2020 年初,卢森堡注册了约 20 个小型水电站,最大装机容量为 10 兆瓦,总装机容量为 25.3 兆瓦 [14 ]。该国拥有Esch-sur-Alzette CCGT联合发电厂, 装机容量为 385 兆瓦[15]。
图 6. 卢森堡的电力生产情况(点击地图查看 PDF 版本)
图 7 显示了卢森堡用于生产可再生能源的主要基础设施。
在风力活动频繁的地区,有 11 个大型风电场,每个风电场的容量超过 5 兆瓦。最大的风电场是 Wandpark Duelem,装机容量为 21 兆瓦 [16]。
如上一节所述,该国部分地区的全球水平辐射水平可达 3 kWh/m 2,这对于能源生产来说是足够的资源 [7]。因此,这片土地上有许多太阳能设施,其中包括 8 个容量至少为 1 兆瓦的光伏电站。最大的是RTL GROUP Beidweiler I, II ,装机容量为 7.7 兆瓦 [17]。太阳能也用于住宅建筑的供暖系统。
卢森堡积极将氢气作为汽车能源。截至 2024 年,该国共有两座加氢站在运营,如图 7 所示 [18]。
2023 年,卢森堡约有 0.21 TWh 的电力来自生物能源(图 7)。
图 7. 卢森堡的可再生能源(点击地图查看 PDF 版本)
该国拥有生物质和城市垃圾处理厂;沼气和颗粒生产(图 7)。 Kronospan 在卢森堡 Sanem 经营一家生物质发电厂,该发电厂产生约 216 GWh 的绿色能源 [19]。卢森堡主要的生物质加工企业有:Biogas Beckerich 工厂和 Kiowatt Pellets SA [20,21]。 利用城市垃圾发电的领导者是 EEW Energy from Waste Leudelange S.à rl,装机容量为 170 000 吨/年 [22]。根据卢森堡 2021-2030 年综合国家能源和气候计划 (PNEC),通过不断部署风能、太阳能和热泵,到 2030 年,该国可再生能源在最终能源总消费中的份额将达到 25%。卢森堡的优先事项是提高能源效率和直接电气化。从长远来看,可再生氢能可以在能源部门整合中发挥作用 [23]。
Sources: 1. The Global Innovation Index 2021, Rankings / Knowledge / World Intellectual Property Organization / Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2021): Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva *132 2. Patent Grants 2011-2020, resident & abroad / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *185 3.Patents in Force 2020 / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *109 4. QS World University Rankings 2022 *97 5. SCImago Country Rankings (1996-2020) / Country rankings / SCImago, (n.d.). SIR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. Retrieved 17 Nov 2021 *240 6. Internet users in 2018 / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229 7. Internet users in 2018 (% Population) / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229 8. Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), 2019 / United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data as of September 2021*177 9. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 / UNESCO Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *119 10. Scientific and technical journal articles, 2018 / National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *197 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 8. 卢森堡的教育和创新指数 |
在与教育和创新相关的各种国际排名中,描述该国地位的大多数指数都高于平均水平。该国排名最低的是互联网用户(0.35)和政府教育支出(0.42)。卢森堡在2018 年互联网用户(占人口的百分比)(0.94)和研发支出(占 GDP 的百分比)(0.78)方面排名最高。
Beaufort castle ruins in Luxembourg. Envato Elements. B9RWG7YCFQ
Sources: 1. CO2 total emission by countries 2020 / European Commission / Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)*208 2. CO2 per capita emission 2020/European Commission/Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) *208 3. Forest area 2020 (% of land area) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234 4. Forest area change 2010-2020 (1000 ha/year) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234 5. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 / Rankings / Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Yale University *180 6. Annual freshwater withdrawals (m3 per capita), 2017 *179 Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion m3), 2017 – Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data. /License: CC BY-4.0; Population – United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021 7. The National Footprint Accounts 2017 (Biocapacity Credit / Deficit) / Global Footprint Network *188 8. Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), 2018 / Data for up to 1990 are sourced from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Data from 1990 are CAIT data: Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: License : Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) *191 9. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022 / Overall Results / Jan Burck, Thea Uhlich, Christoph Bals, Niklas Höhne, Leonardo Nascimento / Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network *60 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 9. 卢森堡的环境指数 |
卢森堡属于二氧化碳排放量较高的国家——人均排放量(0.08)、总排放量(0.54)、甲烷排放量(0.86)。这一事实在一定程度上导致了其在国家足迹核算中的排名较低(0.01)。另一方面,在积极指标中,森林面积(0.6)、环境绩效指数(0.99)和气候变化绩效指数(0.72)呈现明显的上升趋势。
[1] List of sovereign states and dependencies by area / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area
[2] List of countries and dependencies by population density / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density
[3] Luxembourg / The world factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / www.cia.gov
[4] GDP, PPP (current international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[5] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[6] Luxembourg / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration / www.eia.gov/beta/international/
[7] Solar resource data obtained from the Global Solar Atlas, owned by the World Bank Group and provided by Solargis / Global Solar Atlas / globalsolaratlas.info
[8] Wind Map / Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: globalwindatlas.info
[9] Agricultural land (% of land area) / Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[10] Forest area (% of land area) / Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[11] What a Waste 2.0 / Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[12] Vianden Pumped Storage Plant / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vianden_Pumped_Storage_Plant
[13] Barrage d'Esch-sur-Sûre / Wikipedia / https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_d%27Esch-sur-S%C3%BBre
[14] World Small Hydropower Development Report (WSHPDR) 2022 / United Nations Industrial Development Organization / https://www.unido.org/WSHPDR2022
[15] Esch-sur-Alzette CCGT Power Plant Luxembourg / Wikipedia / https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk_Twinerg
[16] Wandpark Duelem / Soler S.A. / https://www.soler.lu/unsere-standorte
[17] RTL GROUP Beidweiler I, II / Enovos Luxembourg / https://renewables.enovos.lu/fr/?filter_category=energie-solaire
[18] Luxembourg / H2 Stations Map / https://www.h2stations.org/stations-map/?lat=49.139384&lng=11.190114&zoom=2
[19] Sanem, Kronospan / Kronospan / https://kronospan.com/en_GE/company/news/view/clean-and-efficient-power-64
[20] Biogas Beckerich / Biogasvereenegung A.s.b.l. / https://biogasvereenegung.lu/produzent/biogas-beckerich/
[21] Kiowatt Pellets / KIOWATT, Zone artisanal and commercial Klengbousbierg / https://kiowatt.lu/en/#production-of-badger-pellets
[22] EEW Energy from Waste Leudelange S.à r.l. / EEW Energy from Waste GmbH / https://www.eew-energyfromwaste.com/en/our-sites/leudelange/
[23] Luxembourg's integrated national energy and climate plan for the period 2021-2030 (PNEC) / The Luxembourg Government / https://gouvernement.lu/en/dossiers/2023/2023-pnec.html
图表和曲线的来源在图片下方注明。
有关卢森堡能源行业的更多信息,请参见此处