冰岛，正式名称为冰岛共和国，是一个北欧岛国，位于北大西洋和北冰洋之间，格陵兰岛、挪威、不列颠群岛和法罗群岛之间。
据2023年统计，冰岛 领土面积居世界第108位，人口约36.1万人。就人口密度而言，该国排名世界第240位，是全球人口密度最低的国家之一。该国海岸线长度为4,970公里。雷克雅未克是首都和最大的城市，一半人口居住在其及其周边地区。冰岛是单一议会制共和国。该国分为 64 个城市 [1,2,3,4,5]。
| Republic of Iceland | ||
|---|---|---|
| Capital: Reykjavík | Density: 3.66/km2 | Currency: Icelandic króna (ISK) |
| Official languages: Icelandic | Life expectancy at birth: 83.07 years | GDP (PPP): $27.078 billion (2023 est.) |
| National Day: 17 June | Area (land): 102,775 km2 | GDP - per capita (PPP): $69,833 (2023 est.) |
| Population: 376,248 (2022 est.) | Coastline: 4,970 km | Internet country code: .is |
Source: [1,2,3,4,5]
Reykjavik
冰岛相对于其他国家的评级位置是根据一系列广泛的经济、能源、创新和教育指数以及反映环境状况的指标确定的。经济指标包括人均GDP、年均GDP增长率、高新技术出口等。能源指数列表包括石油、天然气和煤炭的探明储量、产耗比以及能源使用量等。每个指数都有一个包含的成员国排名列表。由于每个指数的每个评级的国家数量不同，因此将感兴趣的国家的定位显示在一个特殊的图表上，其中纵轴是从0到1的统一相对刻度，而横轴表示各个指数以及与下面给出的描述相关的相应编号。
因此，在这样一个相对的“0-1”图中，该国家的位置按照其在原始评级列表中的位置成比例地用点来标记。如果该国在所选指标方面处于领先地位，则将在相关图表“0-1”的上部绿色区域中标记为接近 1，如果该国在评级列表中属于局外人，则将标记为接近 1图表下方红色区域“0-1”等
冰岛经济指数列表排名：
| Sources: 1. GDP (purchasing power parity), 2020 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228 2. GDP - per capita (PPP), 2020 / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *229 3. Inflation rate (consumer prices), 2019 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228 4. Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$), 2020 / International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, and data files. / License: CC BY-4.0 *88 5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum *141 6. High-technology exports (current US$) 2019-2020 / United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform / License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *134 7. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom / International Economies / The Heritage Foundation *178 8. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold, 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *195 9. Annual average GDP growth in %, for the last 10 years (2011-2020) / World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files / License: CC BY-4.0 *206 10. Public debt (% of GDP), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency (from smallest to largest) *210 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 1. 冰岛经济指数 |
对于图表中显示的大部分经济指标，冰岛都位于排名中上。冰岛经济指标最弱的是国内生产总值（0.33）、通货膨胀率（0.36）和高科技出口（0.46）。冰岛在 2021 年经济自由指数（0.94）、人均 GDP（0.90）和全球竞争力指数（0.82）中表现最好。
冰岛没有大量化石燃料储备，100%的石油和煤炭依赖进口。冰岛的能源结构不含天然气。
该国约 85% 的一次能源需求来自可再生能源，即水力发电和地热发电。此外，冰岛几乎100%的电力来自这两种可再生能源（图5）。
冰岛具有发展风电的有利条件。全国部分地区，特别是沿海地区，50m高度处风速达到9.5m/s。由于纬度较高，冰岛的GHI强度相对较低，这意味着太阳能发电潜力有限。
冰岛的主要能源是水力发电和地热能。该国拥有巨大的水电总理论潜力为 184 太瓦时/年。最强大的水力发电厂位于该国西南部的Thjórsá和Tungnaá冰川河地区，而多个较小的水力发电厂则利用冰岛全国各地的溪流和河流。
冰岛有高温和低温的地热田，基本上分布在全国各地。冰岛的地热潜力估计为 4300-7000 MWe。地热发电厂有两个主要集中区域：第一个位于冰岛西南部首都雷克雅未克周边地区，第二个位于冰岛东北部。
表1冰岛可再生能源资源
| Resource/ Explanations | Solar Potential (GHI)* | Wind Potential (50 м)* | Bio Potential (agricultural area) | Bio Potential (forest area) | Hydro energy Potential** | Geothermal Potenial | Municipal Solid Waste |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | no data | 6.5-9.5 | 18.6 | 0.5 | 184 000 | 4300-7000 | 704 |
| Unit | - | m/s | % of land area | % of land area | GWh/year | MWe | kg per capita |
| Year | - | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 | 2013 | 2016 | 2021 |
| Source | [-] | [6] | [7] | [8] | [9] | [10] | [11] |
*适用于该国大部分领土
**总理论能力
REYKJAVIK, Country: ICELAND, Latitude: 64.13, Longitude: -21.94
Sky cover, %
HVERAVELLIR, Country: ICELAND, Elevation: +0641.0m, Latitude: 64.87, Longitude: -19.57
Average speed: 7.43 m/s, Operational share: 84%
Wind speed, m/s
Iceland has an enormous hydro potential. The waterfall Gullfoss
Iceland has many geothermal fields. Geothermal geyser
根据[12]，2022年，冰岛一次能源总产量为0.068万亿英热单位，而消费量为0.115万亿英热单位。因此，国内生产占一次能源消费的比重约为59.1%。这使得冰岛成为一个依赖能源进口的国家。
根据《2022年世界能源统计回顾》[13]，2021年冰岛一次能源消费量为0.21艾焦耳。据岛屿国家能源局称，2020 年，可再生能源覆盖了约 90% 的一次能源使用 [14]。
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / www.eia.gov
2. 冰岛化石燃料的生产和消费（煤炭 – 左，天然气 – 中间，石油 – 右）
从图中可以看出如上所述，冰岛既不生产煤炭，也不生产天然气或石油。此外，该国根本不消耗天然气，而煤炭和石油的消耗相对较小。根据[14]，进口石油产品主要用于交通运输和渔业部门。
煤炭消费量从2003年的约9.4万短吨增加到2022年的15万短吨，而同期石油消费量仍保持在每天2万桶。
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / www.eia.gov | ||
图 3. 冰岛的发电量 |
如前所述，如今冰岛消耗的电力几乎 100% 来自可再生能源。 2022年冰岛的总发电量为19.86太瓦时，其中约70%由水力发电厂生产，另外30%分配给其他可再生能源，其中最大份额是地热能。近10年来，用电量增长幅度不大，完全由国内生产满足。
冰岛能源指数图表如下图所示。
| Sources: 1. Crude oil proved reserves, 2021 / International Energy Statistic/Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021)*98 2. Natural gas proved reserves 2021 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *99 3. Total recoverable coal reserves 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *81 4. Combination production-consumption for Crude oil 2018 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *219 5. Combination production-consumption for Natural gas 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *123 6. Combination production-consumption for Coal 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *128 7. Electricity – from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *170 8. GDP per unit of energy use (PPP per unit of oil equivalent), 2020 *66 Primary energy consumption - BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021/BP;GDP (purchasing power parity) - The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency 9. Energy use (primary energy use of oil equivalent per capita) 2020 *127 Primary energy consumption – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021*66 10. The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report (EAPI) 2017 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum 11. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita), 2016 *217 Electricity Consumption - The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021 12. Combination of electricity production-consumption (kWh)/The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *216 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 4. 冰岛能源指数 |
由于冰岛没有大量的化石燃料储量，因此该国的原油、天然气和煤炭储量在上图中仍为空白。这也适用于天然气的综合生产消费，因为该国的能源结构中缺少这种燃料。此外，从逻辑上讲，冰岛的石油综合生产消费比率相对较低（0.45）。可再生能源是该国电力生产的主要贡献者这一事实反映在冰岛在其他可再生能源电力方面的地位（0.84）。图表中反映的最强指标是人均能源使用量 (0.99) 和人均电力消耗量 (1.00)。除此之外，该国在全球能源架构绩效指数（0.80）中处于有利位置。
![[Translate to 中國:] Map of power plants and Renewable energy infrastructure in Iceland](https://aenert.com/fileadmin/default/templates/images/Iceland/2024_map/aenert_map_Iceland_el_ren24.jpg "[Translate to 中國:] Electricity production and Renewable energy in Iceland")
图 5. 冰岛的电力生产和可再生能源（点击地图查看 PDF 版本）
冰岛最大的发电站是位于冰岛东北部的Kárahnjúkar水电站，发电量为690MW。相比之下，其他四个最大发电厂的总容量约为 720 MW [14]。
![[Translate to 中國:] Írafossstod Power Station](https://aenert.com/fileadmin/_processed_/8/b/csm_Iceland_4_afbfce517c.jpg "[Translate to 中國:] Írafossstod Power Station")
Írafossstod Power Station, 48 MW
冰岛拥有各种类型的地热发电厂。 Hellisheiði 闪蒸汽热电联产站是冰岛最大的地热发电厂，也是世界第三大地热发电厂。总发电量为 303.4 MW [14]。
![[Translate to 中國:] Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station](https://aenert.com/fileadmin/_processed_/4/7/csm_Iceland_5_84af136744.jpg "[Translate to 中國:] Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station")
Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station, 120 MWe
从2013年开始，冰岛电力生产的一小部分来自风力发电。第一个大型风力涡轮机位于冰岛南部Thjorsa河上游地区[14]。
![[Translate to 中國:] Svartsengi Power Station](https://aenert.com/fileadmin/_processed_/d/0/csm_Iceland_6_058dc02b89.jpg)
The Svartsengi Power Station, 74.4 MW
冰岛政府制定并提出了到 2050 年的能源政策，计划增加新的、多样化的能源选择，并用可再生能源完全取代化石燃料。为了实现这些目标，计划开发风能和太阳能，以及氢气和甲烷[15]。
Endless pipelines with hot water and steam
Sources: 1. The Global Innovation Index 2021, Rankings / Knowledge / World Intellectual Property Organization / Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2021): Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva *132 2. Patent Grants 2011-2020, resident & abroad / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *185 3.Patents in Force 2020 / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *109 4. QS World University Rankings 2022 *97 5. SCImago Country Rankings (1996-2020) / Country rankings / SCImago, (n.d.). SIR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. Retrieved 17 Nov 2021 *240 6. Internet users in 2018 / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229 7. Internet users in 2018 (% Population) / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229 8. Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), 2019 / United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data as of September 2021*177 9. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 / UNESCO Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *119 10. Scientific and technical journal articles, 2018 / National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *197 * Total number of countries participating in ranking | ||
图 6. 冰岛的教育和创新指数 |
冰岛的互联网用户占总人口的比例相当高（0.98）。互联网用户绝对数量指标远低于全球平均水平（0.29），这是由于该国人口较少。冰岛在政府教育支出（0.93）和研发支出（0.88）以及全球创新指数排名（0.87）方面处于非常有利的位置。 2022 年 QS 世界大学排名中没有冰岛大学被纳入，因此该指标为空。
| Sources: 1. CO2 total emission by countries 2020 / European Commission / Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)*208 2. CO2 per capita emission 2020/European Commission/Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) *208 3. Forest area 2020 (% of land area) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234 4. Forest area change 2010-2020 (1000 ha/year) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234 5. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 / Rankings / Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Yale University *180 6. Annual freshwater withdrawals (m3 per capita), 2017 *179 Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion m3), 2017 – Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data. /License: CC BY-4.0; Population – United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021 7. The National Footprint Accounts 2017 (Biocapacity Credit / Deficit) / Global Footprint Network *188 8. Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), 2018 / Data for up to 1990 are sourced from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Data from 1990 are CAIT data: Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: License : Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) *191 9. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022 / Overall Results / Jan Burck, Thea Uhlich, Christoph Bals, Niklas Höhne, Leonardo Nascimento / Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network *60 * Total number of countries participating in ranking | ||
图7.冰岛环境指数 |
![[Translate to 中國:] Icelandic horses](https://aenert.com/fileadmin/_processed_/6/5/csm_Iceland_8_c14defe1e3.jpg)
Icelandic sheep
[1] List of sovereign states and dependencies by area / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area
[2] List of countries and dependencies by population density / Wikipedia / en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density
[3] Iceland / The world factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / www.cia.gov
[4] GDP, PPP (constant 2011 international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[5] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[6] Wind Map / Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: globalwindatlas.info
[7] Agricultural land (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org
[8] Forest area (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / www.worldbank.org/[16] World Energy Resources: Hydro World Energy Council / 2013 / Publications / World Energy Council / www.worldenergy.org
[9] World Energy Resources: Hydro World Energy Council / 2013 / Publications / World Energy Council / www.worldenergy.org
[10] 2016 Annual U.S. & Global Geothermal Power Production Report (PDF) / 2016 / Reports / Geothermal Energy Association / geoenergy.org
[11] Municipal waste statistics Updated / 19 July 2018 / Full list / Statistics Explained / Eurostat / ec.europa.eu
[12] International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Dec 2022) / www.eia.gov/beta/international/
[13] BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020-2022 (PDF) / BP / www.bp.com
[14] Energy Data / National Energy Authority ORKUSTOFNUN / nea.is/the-national-energy-authority/energy-data/
[15] A Sustainable Energy Future. An Energy Policy to the year 2050 / Government of Iceland / www.stjornarradid.is/library/01--Frettatengt---myndir-og-skrar/ANR/Orkustefna/201127%20Atvinnuvegaraduneytid%20Orkustefna%20A4%20EN%20V4.pdf
图表和曲线的来源在图像下方指定。
有关冰岛能源行业的更多信息，请参见此处
