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越南能源工业
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总体经济状况

越南国或越南社会主义共和国位于东南亚印度支那半岛。越南西部与老挝和柬埔寨接壤,北部与中国接壤。越南东部和南部拥有漫长的海岸线,可通往南中国海。

Vietnam / Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Capital: HanoiDensity: 298.0/km2Currency: dong (VND)
Official languages:  VietnameseLife expectancy at birth: 75.52 yearsGDP (PPP): $1 434 trillion (2023 est.)
National Day: 2 SeptemberArea (land): 331,210 km2GDP - per capita (PPP): $14,285 (2023 est.)
Population: 100,300,000 (2023 est.)Coastline: 3,444 kmInternet country code: .vn

Source: [1,2,3,4,5]

据2023年统计,越南国土面积居世界第66位,人口约1亿。就人口密度而言,该国居世界第49位[1,2,3]。该国海岸线总长度为3,444公里[3]。政府的政治形式是统一的马克思列宁主义一党社会主义共和国。全国行政地图分为58个省和5个直辖市[3]。

Hanoi at dusk. Envato Elements. EDT3K2MCL4


越南相对于其他国家的排名是根据一系列广泛的经济、能源、创新和教育指数以及反映环境状况的指标确定的。经济指标包括人均GDP、年均GDP增长率、高新技术出口等。能源指数列表包括石油、天然气和煤炭的探明储量、产耗比以及能源使用量等。每个指数都有一个包含的成员国排名列表。由于每个指数的每个评级的国家数量不同,因此将感兴趣的国家的定位显示在一个特殊的图表上,其中纵轴是从0到1的统一相对刻度,而横轴表示各个指数以及与下面给出的描述相关的相应编号。
因此,在这样一个相对的“0-1”图中,该国家的位置按照其在原始评级列表中的位置成比例地用点来标记。如果该国在所选指标方面处于领先地位,则将在相关图表“0-1”的上部绿色区域中标记为接近 1,如果该国在评级列表中属于局外人,则将标记为接近 1图表下方红色区域“0-1”等
越南经济指数排名:

 Sources:
1. GDP (purchasing power parity), 2020 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228
2. GDP - per capita (PPP), 2020 / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *229
3. Inflation rate (consumer prices), 2019 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228
4. Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$), 2020 / International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, and data files. / License: CC BY-4.0 *88
5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum *141
6. High-technology exports (current US$) 2019-2020 / United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform / License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *134
7. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom / International Economies / The Heritage Foundation *178
8. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold, 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *195
9. Annual average GDP growth in %, for the last 10 years (2011-2020) / World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files / License: CC BY-4.0  *206
10. Public debt (% of GDP), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency
(from smallest to largest) *210
  * Total number of countries participating in ranking



图 1. 越南经济指标
 

在国内生产总值、黄金和外汇储备、国内生产总值增长动力,特别是高科技产品出口方面,越南与世界其他国家相比表现出相当高的水平。但人均GDP相对较低。此外,一些有关知识产权使用的数据无法获得。

能源资源

越南拥有大量已探明的化石燃料储量。石油储量占世界总储量的 0.26%,天然气占 0.35%,煤炭占 0.32% [6]。越南人口约占世界人口的 1.3%。然而,与此同时,越南的石油和天然气储量明显低于世界领先国家。例如,石油储量比阿拉伯联合酋长国少 22 倍多,而天然气储量比卡塔尔少 30 倍多。尽管如此,就该地区而言,越南的天然气储量与马来西亚或印度尼西亚的储量相当,而越南在石油方面明显超过这些国家 [6]。以吨油当量计算,
根据 2022 年的数据,按燃料类型划分的常规探明储量为:65.6% - 煤炭,16.8% - 石油,17.6% - 天然气(图 5)。

 

表 1. 越南化石能源资源

Resource /ExplanationsCrude oil*Natural gas*Coal*Tight Oil**Shale Gas**Coal mine methane
Value4.4 (0.26%)24.7 (0.34)3 704 (0.32%)no dateno date31.2 - 78.4
Unitbillion barrelsTcfmillion short tons--bcm
Year202120202021--2018
Source[6][6][6][-][-][7,13]

*未经证实的技术可采性
**括号中为该国储量占世界总储量的份额


目前,众多河流的能量是该国的主要可再生资源。然而,水力发电能力已接近枯竭。越南拥有良好的风电发展潜力。在该国许多地区,尤其是沿海地区,50米高处的风速可达8米/秒。大片森林和农业区表明,有足够的原料可用于开发生物能源。
 

表2.越南的可再生能源资源

Resource/
Explanations
Solar Potential
(GHI)*
Wind Potential
(50 м)*
Bio Potential
(agricultural area)
Bio Potential
(forest area)
Municipal Solid
Waste
Value< 4.05.0-6.539.446.70.33
UnitkWh/m2/daym/s% of land area% of land areakg/per capita/day
Year20182018202020202018
Source[8][9][10][11][12]

*全国大部分领土

与所有南方国家一样,越南拥有发展太阳能发电的有利条件。然而,应该指出的是,太阳能的效率在很大程度上受到大量云量的限制,云量降低了太阳活动值。这可以在下图中清楚地看到。这种情况使得太阳能聚光器的使用效率低下,并促使人们的兴趣完全转向光伏发电。

VIETNAM, PHAN THIET
Latitude: 10.93 Longitude: 108.1


Average daily sky coverage over 10 years of observations, %

CLR - clear, SCT - scattered from 1/8 TO 4/8, BKN - broken from 5/8 TO 7/8, OVC - overcast, OBS - obscured, POB - partial obscuration

Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of solar resources

VIETNAM, PLEIKU
Latitude: 14.01 Longitude: 108.02
Average speed: 2.74 m/s, Operational share: 55%

Average daily wind speed for 10 years of observations, m/s, 10 m above the ground

Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information:
Interactive map of wind resources

能量平衡

根据 [6],2022 年越南一次能源总产量为 2.34 千万亿 Btu,而消费量为 3.841 千万亿 Btu。因此,国内生产在一次能源消费中所占份额为 60.9%。这使得越南成为一个严重依赖能源进口的国家。根据《2022 年世界能源统计评论》,2021 年越南一次能源消费量为 4.32 艾焦耳,主要为煤炭(49.7%),其次是:石油(21.7%)、天然气(6.0%)、可再生能源(6.25%)和水电(16.5%)[7]。
 

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / www.eia.gov
 

图 2. 越南化石燃料的生产和消费情况(左 - 煤炭,中间 - 天然气,右 - 石油)

由于近年来越南的蓬勃发展,该国的化石燃料产量远远落后于需求。因此,从 2009 年开始,该国就出现了石油短缺,从 2015 年开始,煤炭短缺也随之而来。2022 年,石油消耗量是产量的两倍多,煤炭消耗量几乎是产量的两倍。天然气生产和消费的平衡显然是由基础设施问题造成的——缺乏液化天然气接收站。否则,天然气的消耗量会大得多。2023 年,越南政府计划完成两座液化天然气接收站的建设,总产能超过 1500 亿立方英尺/年。
过去十年,越南的总发电量增长了近 2.5 倍。2022 年,约 57% 的电力来自火力发电厂,30% 来自水力发电厂。

                                       
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / www.eia.gov
 
 
图 3.越南的电力生产
 
 

自 2019 年起,可再生能源开始对总体发电平衡做出重大贡献,到 2022 年将达到近 14% 的份额。
越南能源指数图表如下图所示。

 Sources:
1. Crude oil proved reserves, 2021 / International Energy Statistic/Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021)*98
2. Natural gas proved reserves 2021 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *99
3. Total recoverable coal reserves 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *81
4. Combination production-consumption for Crude oil 2018 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *219
5. Combination production-consumption for Natural gas 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *123
6. Combination production-consumption for Coal 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *128
7. Electricity – from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *170
8. GDP per unit of energy use (PPP per unit of oil equivalent), 2020 *66
Primary energy consumption - BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021/BP;
GDP (purchasing power parity) - The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency
9. Energy use (primary energy use of oil equivalent per capita) 2020  *127
Primary energy consumption – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021
*66
10. The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report (EAPI) 2017 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum
11. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita), 2016 *217
Electricity Consumption - The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs,
Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021

12. Combination of electricity production-consumption (kWh)/The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *216

* Total number of countries participating in ranking

的能源指数 
 

越南是世界上化石燃料储量领先的国家之一,但石油和煤炭产量远远落后于消费率。根据提供的数据,截至2017年,越南可再生能源发电量极低(水力发电除外)。然而,这种趋势近年来发生了巨大变化。在此背景下,越南电力生产与消费比例较好。从单位能源消耗量GDP和人均能源消耗量等指标来看,越南的排名大幅低于世界平均水平。

能源基础设施

正在开发的主要油气田位于该国东南部的近海区域。碳氢化合物的生产是使用众多浮式生产储卸油装置 (FPSO) 进行的。沿海地区有多个石油码头、石油储存设施和两家大型炼油厂,加工能力分别为 200,000 桶/天和 130,000 桶/天。天然气加工厂位于生产基地附近的海岸。煤炭开采主要在该国北部河内以东进行。最大的煤炭码头 Cam Fha 也位于此处。

 

图5. 越南化石燃料领域基础设施(点击地图查看PDF版本)
 

越南拥有庞大的水力发电站网络,分布在众多河流上,这些河流的源头通常位于邻国的山区。这些水力发电站生产了 29% 以上的电力。该国北部的煤炭开采区附近有几座大型燃煤电厂。其中最大的是 Vin Tan 电厂,发电量超过 6 吉瓦。南部胡志明地区有许多大型燃气发电厂,靠近天然气生产区。
 

图 6. 越南发电量(点击地图查看 PDF 版本)
 

在可再生能源装机容量方面,水力发电占主导地位(约占50%),其次是太阳能光伏发电(约占37%)。 2023年风能占比不足12.8%。与此同时,2023年水力发电厂的发电量约占所有可再生能源总量的68%。

图7. 越南的可再生能源 (点击地图查看PDF版本)
 

大多数太阳能和风力发电厂集中在该国南部地区。其中一些容量超过100兆瓦。
在可再生能源的其他领域中,越南正在积极发展生物能源,特别是第一代乙醇的生产和颗粒生产。


Sunset over Terraced rice fields, Mu Cang Chai, Yen Bai, Vietnam. Envato Elements. UWX67SYNQ5


据专家透露,由于饱和,越南水电站发电量呈下降趋势。此外,煤炭的需求量越来越超过生产量,这限制了燃煤电厂的发电量。根据政府计划(国家电力发展计划 8 (PDP8) 和国家能源总体规划),到 2030 年,计划将可再生能源发电量提高至 32%。该计划涉及建立灵活的售电电价制度、消除发展的行政壁垒以及吸引长期外国投资。越南计划通过开发抽水蓄能站系统来解决能源存储问题,这一问题受到了相当多的关注。如上所述,越南正在建设多个液化天然气接收站。

教育与创新

下图显示了越南在教育和创新方面的地位:

 
Sources:
1. The Global Innovation Index 2021, Rankings / Knowledge / World Intellectual Property Organization / Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2021):
Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva *132
2. Patent Grants 2011-2020, resident & abroad / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *185
3.Patents in Force 2020 / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *109
4. QS World University Rankings 2022 *97
5. SCImago Country Rankings (1996-2020) / Country rankings / SCImago, (n.d.). SIR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. Retrieved 17 Nov 2021 *240
6. Internet users in 2018 / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229
7. Internet users in 2018 (% Population) / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229
8. Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), 2019 / United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.
License: CCBY-4.0 / Data as of September 2021*177
9. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 / UNESCO Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *119
10. Scientific and technical journal articles, 2018 / National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *197
  * Total number of countries participating in ranking
 
 
图 8. 越南教育和创新指数
 
 

就互联网用户绝对数量而言,越南是世界领先国家之一。该国互联网用户在人口中所占比例的数值略低。越南在评估世界各国居民科学出版物强度的指标方面处于有利地位。根据QS世界大学排名和研发支出(占GDP的百分比)两项指标,越南的排名低于世界平均水平。

Royal Palace in Hue, Vietnam. Envato Elements. AGQLS963PB

生态环境保护

与环境问题相关的指标如下图所示:

 Sources:
1. CO2 total emission by countries 2020 / European Commission / Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)*208
2. CO2 per capita emission 2020/European Commission/Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) *208
3. Forest area 2020 (% of land area) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234
4. Forest area change 2010-2020 (1000 ha/year) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234
5. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 / Rankings / Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Yale University *180
6. Annual freshwater withdrawals (m3 per capita), 2017 *179
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion m3), 2017 – Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data. /License: CC BY-4.0; 
Population – United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019).
World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021
7. The National Footprint Accounts 2017 (Biocapacity Credit / Deficit) / Global Footprint Network *188
8. Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), 2018 / Data for up to 1990 are sourced from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Data from 1990 are CAIT data: Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
Available at: License : Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)  *191
9. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022 / Overall Results / Jan Burck, Thea Uhlich, Christoph Bals, Niklas Höhne, Leonardo Nascimento /
Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network *60

  * Total number of countries participating in ranking
 
 
图 9. 越南环境指数
 
 

越南属于二氧化碳和甲烷排放量最大的国家之一。这些事实也是其在环境绩效指数(EPI)中排名较低的原因。在该国的积极环境特征中,值得一提的是2010-2020年森林面积的变化。与其他国家相比,越南每年的淡水抽取量相当高。总体来看,我国环境状况亟待改善。

参考

[1] List of sovereign states and dependencies by area / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area
[2] List of countries and dependencies by population density / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density
[3] Vietnam / The-world-factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / https://www.cia.gov/
[4] GDP, PPP (constant 2011 international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[5] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)/ World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[6] International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration / http://www.eia.gov/
[7] BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 - 2022 (PDF) / BP / https://www.bp.com/
[8] Solar resource data obtained from the Global Solar Atlas, owned by the World Bank Group and provided by Solargis / Global Solar Atlas / http://globalsolaratlas.info/
[9] Wind Map / Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: https://globalwindatlas.info
[10] Agricultural land (% of land area) / Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org
[11] Forest area (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org
[12] World Bank What a Waste / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org
[13] 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 2, Energy, Fugitive Emissions (PDF) / The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) / www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp

图表和曲线的来源在图片下方注明。

有关越南能源行业的更多信息,请参见此处