巴基斯坦,正式名称巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国,是一个位于南亚、中亚和中东交界处的国家。巴基斯坦西边与阿富汗和伊朗接壤,东边与印度接壤,东北部与中国接壤。阿拉伯海的海岸线构成其南部边界。该国海岸线总长度为1,046公里[1,2,3]。
Pakistan/Islamic Republic of Pakistan | ||
---|---|---|
Capital: Islamabad | Density: 302/km2 | Currency: Pakistani rupee (RS) (PKR) |
Official languages: Urdu, English | Life expectancy at birth: 66.10 years | GDP (PPP): $1.643 trillion (2024 est.) |
National Day: 14 August | Area (land): 770,875 km2 | GDP - per capita (PPP): $6,955 (2024 est.) |
Population: 240,485,658 (2023 est.) | Coastline: 1,046 km | Internet country code: .pk پاکستان. |
Source: [1,2,3,4,5]
据2022年统计,巴基斯坦领土面积居世界第37位,人口约2.43亿。按人口密度计算,该国排名世界第56位。巴基斯坦是一个联邦议会制共和国,首都位于伊斯兰堡[1,2,3]。
Beautiful shot of the Shah Faisal Masjid Mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan at sunset. Envato Elements. BR2S7LTJDH
巴基斯坦相对于其他国家的排名是根据一系列广泛的经济、能源、创新和教育指数以及反映环境状况的指标确定的。经济指标包括人均GDP、年均GDP增长率、高新技术出口等。能源指数列表包括石油、天然气和煤炭的探明储量、产耗比以及能源使用情况等。每个指数都有一个包含的成员国排名列表。由于每个指数的每个评级的国家数量不同,因此将感兴趣的国家的定位显示在一个特殊的图表上,其中纵轴是从0到1的统一相对刻度,而横轴表示各个指数以及与下面给出的描述相关的相应编号。
因此,在这样一个相对的“0-1”图中,该国家的位置按照其在原始评级列表中的位置成比例地用点来标记。如果该国在所选指标方面处于领先地位,则将在相关图表“0-1”的上部绿色区域中标记为接近 1,如果该国在评级列表中属于局外人,则将标记为接近 1图表下方红色区域“0-1”等。
巴基斯坦经济指数列表排名:
Sources: 1. GDP (purchasing power parity), 2020 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228 2. GDP - per capita (PPP), 2020 / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *229 3. Inflation rate (consumer prices), 2019 est. / The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *228 4. Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$), 2020 / International Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook, and data files. / License: CC BY-4.0 *88 5. The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum *141 6. High-technology exports (current US$) 2019-2020 / United Nations, Comtrade database through the WITS platform / License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *134 7. 2021 Index of Economic Freedom / International Economies / The Heritage Foundation *178 8. Reserves of foreign exchange and gold, 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *195 9. Annual average GDP growth in %, for the last 10 years (2011-2020) / World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files / License: CC BY-4.0 *206 10. Public debt (% of GDP), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency (from smallest to largest) *210 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 1. 巴基斯坦经济指数 |
对于图表中显示的大多数指数来说,巴基斯坦都位于排名中间以下。巴基斯坦经济指标中最薄弱的部分是通货膨胀率和人均国内生产总值,该国在排名中垫底。此外,巴基斯坦在全球竞争力指数和经济自由度指数上都表现得很差。
就国内生产总值、黄金和外汇储备以及国内生产总值增长动态而言,与世界其他国家相比,巴基斯坦的增长率相当高。
巴基斯坦拥有已探明的天然气和煤炭等化石燃料储量。天然气占世界总量的0.30%,煤炭占0.29%。然而,该国石油储量仅占世界总量的0.03%[6]。巴基斯坦人口几乎占世界人口的3%。但与此同时,巴基斯坦的天然气和煤炭储量却明显低于世界领先国家。例如,天然气储量比卡塔尔少约 37 倍,而煤炭储量比澳大利亚少 45 倍以上 [6]。除了常规天然气资源外,巴基斯坦还拥有大量致密油和页岩气储量[9]。
以吨油当量计算,根据2021年数据,按燃料类型划分的常规探明储量为:煤炭77.9%,天然气19.4%,石油2.7%(图5)。
非常规化石资源矩阵看起来有些不同:页岩气占68.9%,页岩油(致密轻质)占30.8%,煤矿瓦斯利用潜力占0.2%(图5)。
表1. 巴基斯坦化石能源资源
Resource /Explanations | Crude oil* | Natural gas* | Coal* | Tight Oil** | Shale Gas** | Coal mine methane |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 0.54 (0.03%) | 21.5 (0.30%) | 3 377 (0.29%) | 105.2 | 9.1 | 2.9 - 10.9 |
Unit | billion barrels | Tcf | million short tons | billion barrels | Tcf | bcm |
Year | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | 2015 | 2015 | 2017 |
Source | [6] | [6] | [6] | [7] | [7] | [8] |
*括号内提供了该国储量占世界总储量的份额
**技术上可采性未经证实
水电在可再生能源装机容量方面占主导地位(超过 77%),其次是风能(10.3%)和太阳能光伏发电(超过 8.9%) %)。此外,水力发电在巴基斯坦发电中发挥着重要作用,占2021年总发电量的26%。然而,该国并没有完全利用其非常高的整体水力发电潜力。这也适用于风能和太阳能发电,由于有利的气候条件,发电量也可能更高。该国平均太阳活动量为每天5.5-5.7 kWh/m 2,最常见的风速为4.0-5.5 m/s。俾路支省位于该国西南部,靠近伊朗边境,是该国可再生能源发展潜力最大的省份,太阳能GHI强度可达每天6.2-6.3 kWh/m 2,风速较高。在 50 m 高度处超过 7.5 m/s。
表2 巴基斯坦可再生能源资源
Resource/ Explanations | Solar Potential (GHI)* | Wind Potential (50 м)* | Bio Potential (agricultural area) | Bio Potential (forest area) | Municipal Solid Waste |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 5.5-5.7 | 4.0-5.5 | 47.6 | 4.8 | 0.43 |
Unit | kWh/m2/day | m/s | % of land area | % of land area | kg/per capita/day |
Year | 2018 | 2018 | 2020 | 2020 | 2018 |
Source | [10] | [11] | [12] | [13] | [14] |
*该国大部分领土
PAKISTAN, KHUZDAR
Latitude: 27.83, Longitude: 66.63
Average daily sky coverage over 10 years of observations, %
CLR - clear, SCT - scattered from 1/8 TO 4/8, BKN - broken from 5/8 TO 7/8, OVC - overcast, OBS - obscured, POB - partial obscuration
Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of solar resources
PAKISTAN, PANJGUR
Latitude: 26.95, Longitude: 64.13
Average speed: 2.46 m/s, Operational share: 42%
Average daily wind speed for 10 years of observations, m/s, 10 m above the ground
Source: based on NOAA U.S. Department of Commerce
Detailed information: Interactive map of wind resources
根据[6],2022年巴基斯坦一次能源总产量为1.978万亿英热单位,而消费量为3.514万亿英热单位。因此,国内生产占一次能源消费的比重为56.3%。这使得巴基斯坦成为一个很大程度上依赖能源进口的国家。根据《2022年世界能源统计年鉴》,巴基斯坦2021年一次能源消费量为3.86艾焦耳,其中天然气占主导地位——41.7%,其次是石油——26.4%、煤炭——17.4%、水电——9.35%、核能——3.6 %,其他可再生能源 – 1.3% [9]。
巴基斯坦化石燃料产量远远落后于需求:2021年,煤炭消耗量是产量的2.5倍以上,石油消耗量几乎是产量的5倍。
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / www.eia.gov
图 2. 巴基斯坦化石燃料的生产和消费情况(左 — 煤炭,中 — 天然气,右 — 石油)
过去十年,巴基斯坦发电总量增长了约60%。到2022年,约63%的电力由火力发电厂生产,21%由水力发电厂生产,13%由核电生产。可再生能源也对发电总量平衡做出了贡献,到 2022 年将达到近 4%。相比之下,2010 年可再生能源发电量减少了约 6 倍。
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration (Mar 2024) / www.eia.gov | ||
图 3. 巴基斯坦的发电量 |
巴基斯坦的发电量超过了消费量。然而,应该考虑到只有 79% 的人口能用上电力 [3]。此外,由于电网状况不佳等问题,配电损耗较大,每年超过170亿千瓦时[3]。这就预先决定了对发电和配电能力进行大量重建和额外设备的需要。
巴基斯坦能源指数图表如下图所示。
Sources: 1. Crude oil proved reserves, 2021 / International Energy Statistic/Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021)*98 2. Natural gas proved reserves 2021 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *99 3. Total recoverable coal reserves 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *81 4. Combination production-consumption for Crude oil 2018 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *219 5. Combination production-consumption for Natural gas 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *123 6. Combination production-consumption for Coal 2019 / International Energy Statistic / Geography / U.S. Energy Information Administration (Nov 2021) *128 7. Electricity – from other renewable sources (% of total installed capacity), 2017 est. / The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency *170 8. GDP per unit of energy use (PPP per unit of oil equivalent), 2020 *66 Primary energy consumption - BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021/BP;GDP (purchasing power parity) - The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency 9. Energy use (primary energy use of oil equivalent per capita) 2020 *127 Primary energy consumption – BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021*66 10. The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report (EAPI) 2017 / Rankings / Reports / World Economic Forum 11. Electric power consumption (kWh per capita), 2016 *217 Electricity Consumption - The World Factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency; Population - United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021 12. Combination of electricity production-consumption (kWh)/The World Factbook/Library/Central Intelligence Agency *216 * Total number of countries participating in ranking 图 4. 巴基斯坦能源指数 |
巴基斯坦化石燃料储量指标较好,但国内石油和煤炭产量远远落后于消费,形成了天然的供需缺口。据初步统计,巴基斯坦发电与消费比率良好。然而,如上所述,如果不考虑电力分配中的巨大损失和人口获得电力的有限性,这些数据并不能反映能源供应的真实情况。
从人均能源使用量和人均电力消耗量来看,该国远低于平均水平。从单位能源消耗国内生产总值等指标来看,巴基斯坦的排名大幅低于世界平均水平。
正在开发的主要气田位于该国东南部的俾路支省和信德省,而重点油田则集中在该国北部地区。巴基斯坦的常规石油基础设施包括几个正在运营的中型炼油厂以及几个相对较大的炼油厂和一些在建炼油厂。特别是,下图显示了六家正在运营的炼油厂,原油总加工能力为 425,400 桶/日,以及四家在建炼油厂,计划产能为 483,000 桶/日。两个大型石油码头和两个液化天然气进口码头(PGPC 卡西姆港和 Engro Elengy)位于该国南部卡拉奇附近地区。煤炭开采主要在信德省和俾路支省进行。
Figure 5. Basic infrastructural facilities of the fossil fuel sector in Pakistan (click on the map to view a PDF version)
巴基斯坦政府和商业组织对土库曼斯坦-阿富汗-巴基斯坦-印度(TAPI)天然气管道以及伊朗天然气管道的建设表现出浓厚的兴趣。后者原定于2014年建成,但根据最新数据,巴基斯坦计划于2024年完工。TAPI的建设充满了巨大风险,主要是由于阿富汗局势。
巴基斯坦拥有广泛的水力发电厂网络,主要集中在该国北部。他们生产全国20%以上的电力。化石燃料发电厂大部分位于该国东部地区。在南部的卡拉奇地区,有三座核电站中的两座。巴基斯坦第三座也是最大的核电站,装机容量约为 1,300 兆瓦,位于西北部旁遮普省。
Figure 6. Electricity production in Pakistan (click on the map to view a PDF version)
在可再生能源装机容量方面,水力发电占主导地位(约占75%),其次是风能(约占13%)。 2023年太阳能光伏发电占比不足9%,生物能源约占3.1%。与此同时,2023年水力发电厂的发电量约占所有可再生能源总量的86%。大多数风力发电厂集中在该国南部地区。其中一些容量超过100兆瓦。
Figure 7. Renewable energy in Pakistan (click on the map to view a PDF version)
如前所述,巴基斯坦在可再生能源生产方面具有巨大潜力,近年来采取了多项政策来实现这一潜力。因此,根据政府的《2019年替代和可再生能源政策》,该国的目标是到2030年将太阳能和风能发电量增加到巴基斯坦总发电量的30%[15]。此外,针对大规模水电开发的《2021-2030年指示性发电能力扩展计划》要求到2025年将水电装机容量增加到14,353兆瓦,到2030年将水电装机容量增加到23,035兆瓦,占总发电量的45%来自所有资源[16]。
Sources: 1. The Global Innovation Index 2021, Rankings / Knowledge / World Intellectual Property Organization / Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2021): Energizing the World with Innovation. Ithaca, Fontainebleau, and Geneva *132 2. Patent Grants 2011-2020, resident & abroad / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *185 3.Patents in Force 2020 / Statistical country profiles / World Intellectual Property Organization *109 4. QS World University Rankings 2022 *97 5. SCImago Country Rankings (1996-2020) / Country rankings / SCImago, (n.d.). SIR-SCImago Journal & Country Rank [Portal]. Retrieved 17 Nov 2021 *240 6. Internet users in 2018 / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229 7. Internet users in 2018 (% Population) / The World Factbook / Central Intelligence Agency *229 8. Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP), 2019 / United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data as of September 2021*177 9. Research and development expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 / UNESCO Institute for Statistics. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *119 10. Scientific and technical journal articles, 2018 / National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators. License: CCBY-4.0 / Data *197 * Total number of countries participating in ranking | ||
图8. 巴基斯坦教育和创新指数 |
描述巴基斯坦在与教育和创新相关的各种国际排名中的排名的十项指标中有六项低于世界平均水平。由于人口众多,巴基斯坦在互联网用户绝对数量上是世界领先者之一,但如果看看用户数量占全国总人口的比例,巴基斯坦在这方面属于局外人。巴基斯坦在 SCimago 国家排名和科学技术期刊文章中排名最高。
Sources: 1. CO2 total emission by countries 2020 / European Commission / Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)*208 2. CO2 per capita emission 2020/European Commission/Joint Research Centre (JRC) / Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) *208 3. Forest area 2020 (% of land area) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234 4. Forest area change 2010-2020 (1000 ha/year) / The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations *234 5. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 / Rankings / Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Yale University *180 6. Annual freshwater withdrawals (m3 per capita), 2017 *179 Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion m3), 2017 – Food and Agriculture Organization, AQUASTAT data. /License: CC BY-4.0; Population – United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, custom data acquired via website. Retrieved 15 November 2021 7. The National Footprint Accounts 2017 (Biocapacity Credit / Deficit) / Global Footprint Network *188 8. Methane emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent), 2018 / Data for up to 1990 are sourced from Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. Data from 1990 are CAIT data: Climate Watch. 2020. GHG Emissions. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at: License : Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) *191 9. The Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2022 / Overall Results / Jan Burck, Thea Uhlich, Christoph Bals, Niklas Höhne, Leonardo Nascimento / Germanwatch, NewClimate Institute & Climate Action Network *60 * Total number of countries participating in ranking | ||
图 9. 巴基斯坦环境指数 |
巴基斯坦属于二氧化碳和甲烷排放量最大的国家之一。这些事实以及该国森林面积较小,导致该国在环境绩效指数(EPI)中排名较低。巴基斯坦没有被纳入2022年气候变化绩效指数。与其他国家相比,巴基斯坦每年的淡水抽取量相当高。总体来看,我国环境状况亟待改善。
Beautiful shot of the Shah Faisal Masjid Mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan at sunset. Envato Elements. Envato Elements
[1] List of sovereign states and dependencies by area / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area
[2] List of countries and dependencies by population density / Wikipedia / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density
[3] Pakistan / The-world-factbook / Library / Central Intelligence Agency / https://www.cia.gov/
[4] GDP, PPP (constant 2011 international $) / World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[5] GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)/ World Bank, International Comparison Program database. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org/
[6] International Energy Statistic / Geography / Pakistan / U.S. Energy Information Administration (February, 2023) / http://www.eia.gov/
[7] World Shale Resource Assessments / U.S. Energy Information Administration (September 24, 2015) / https://www.eia.gov/
[8] Potential for the utilization of coal methane / aenert.com/technologies/fossil-fuel/unconventional-gas/coal-seam-methane/
[9] BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021 - 2022 (PDF) / BP / https://www.bp.com/
[10] Solar resource data obtained from the Global Solar Atlas, owned by the World Bank Group and provided by Solargis / Global Solar Atlas / http://globalsolaratlas.info/
[11] Wind Map / Global Wind Atlas 2.0, a free, web-based application developed, owned and operated by the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in partnership with the World Bank Group, utilizing data provided by Vortex, with funding provided by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). For additional information: https://globalwindatlas.info
[12] Agricultural land (% of land area) / Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org
[13] Forest area (% of land area) /Food and Agriculture Organization, electronic files and web site. License: CC BY-4.0 / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org
[14] World Bank What a Waste / Data / The World Bank / http://www.worldbank.org
[15] Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy 2019 / Alternative Energy Development Board / www.aedb.org/images/Draft_ARE_Policy_2019_-_Version_2_July_21_2019.pdf
[16] Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan / National Electric Power Regulatory Authority / nepra.org.pk/Admission%20Notices/2021/06%20June/IGCEP%202021.pdf
图表和曲线的来源在图像下方指定。
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